DRAGON PRECESSION
What the Watchers were Watching
Proto-historical Celestial Observation
From early Ur to later Babylon, ziggurats connected Earth and Sky.
Through long nights at the tops of these observational towers the Scribes passed 20 centuries watching the skies,
which had been observed for many more centuries throughout proto-history.
From early Ur to later Babylon, ziggurats connected Earth and Sky.
Through long nights at the tops of these observational towers the Scribes passed 20 centuries watching the skies,
which had been observed for many more centuries throughout proto-history.
The Ouroboros is inspired by the Milky Way, as some ancient texts refer to a serpent of light residing in the heavens. Sagittarius - The Archer is in the heart of the summer Milky Way. The Milky Way Galaxy is the inspiration for the symbol of the Ouroboros. Myth refers to a serpent of light residing in the heavens. The Milky Way is this serpent, and viewed at galactic central point near Sagittarius, this serpent eats its own tail. The Milky Way galaxy keeps a great time cycle that ends in catastrophic change. The sign of the Suntelia Aion is the sun rising out of the mouth of the ouroboros, which will occur on the solstice December 2012.
Cygnus, the Swan
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Dragon Precession
The
Milky Way is the water of heaven, the spiral circle of the cosmos
whose secret is revealed in the Great Cycle of the Precession, the
Zero-Point of Solar/Galactic Alignment. This Key marks the zero-point of the Precession. The Dot, or Point represents the absorption of the All, of Creation, into its Origin. The Point correlates with the Origin.
Material creation enfolded back into the Source, is dissolving manifestation in the ocean of its Origin. The Dot is thus equal to the Circle. It is the Circle, just as each degree or dot of the Circle represents the entire Circle, and consequently the Dot contains all and any possibility of material manifestation.
Dragon Tracks - Precession Paradigm
The prime paradigm of each era is that of its Age. On December 25, 3117 B.C. a total solar eclipse was visible at Sunrise at the Winter Solstice point, in the era of the global Dragon culture. This date is the Beginning of the Mayan Calendar. It is also the start of the Reign of Me-Sin or Menes, the first Pharaoh King that united Egypt.
The beginning of the new calendar marks the most important Geophysical Event of the past five millennia, the Great Flood. One of the causes of the Great Flood could be a close encounter of the earth with the comet, Typhon the Dragon.
Dragons are real and the basis of scientific priesthood and royal lineage. The sacred past is a story of sacred dragon or serpent worship. The triangular Dragon Book is essentially a magical astronomical text. Civilization was originally rooted in ancient prehistoric observations of the order of the stars. It tracked time and created calendars, and most importantly allowed predictions of eclipses rooted in the GREAT CYCLE of PRECESSION of the Zodiac, the serpentine ring of the Ecliptic.
The Center of the Universe, the Pole Star, as the most important point in the Universe. The Pole Star, the Hole in the Centre, was the entrance to the Other Worlds. Megalithic temples are tuned to this Great Cycle drama in the heavens. The "tuning and untuning of the sky" is an actual astronomical occurrence.
The Center of the Universe is not fixed. It moves around in a circle counter the Circle of the Zodiac. The Movement of the Center is called the Precession of the Equinox, and takes about 26,400 years. This movement was already known before the Great Flood occured. Plato called it the Great Year, and each of its "months" is a sign of the Zodiac.
Some 6,500 years ago the position of the equinoctial sun was aligned with the band of the Milky Way. This provided an obvious celestial alignment, occurring twice a year on the equinoxes, when the sun would conjunct the Milky Way -- the Bridge Out of Tim -- opening the way out of the plane of the living (the zodiac) and up to the cosmic center and source in heaven. A "breaking asunder" occurred when this great cosmogonic picture began to precess out of alignment. Presumably, the "untuning of the sky" coincided with increasing social tension, leading to greater collective confusion and our descent into history.
The earth either wobbles in what is known as the Precession of the Equinox or orbits in a binary star system with the same observable result. This wobble take approximately 25,800 years to go from a beginning point and return to that point. But the earth doesn't really return to the exact point in space because of at least two other factors, the perihelion precession and the obliquity of the ecliptic. Simply put, The Sun appears (as viewed from the earth) to move backward through the stars at the rate of about 1 degree every 72 years.
Key numbers of Babylonian-Sumerian mathematics (including the sixty-based system still being used) were derived from astronomical observations, and yield the traditional estimate of precession: 108 x 4 x 60 = 25,920 years.The Cycle of the Precession was divided into twelve parts of 2200 years and related to the Zodiac. With every movement into a new part of the Zodiac, society was completely reorganized to the theme of the Sign of the Zodiac.
The huge precessional clock does not stop. The axis of the earth slowly changes its orientation in space - either directly due to a precession of earth's polar axis or indirectly as a result of our entire solar system moving around a point x in space.Earth is like a gyroscope. Earth is suppose to precess opposite to its direction of rotation. The period of its complete precession cycle is said to take about 25,800 years.
During this Great Year time period, Earth supposedly goes through one retrograding rotation relative to the inertial system of the fixed stars. An additional time interval of one year of about 365 days must occur simultaneously. But since this time interval cannot be substantiated by actual time measurement, the theory of the Earth's precession does not have a proven scientific foundation. But it was accepted by all cultures in antiquity.
Hamlet's Mill describes a cycle within the precessional shifting of the crossroads of ecliptic and equator. An archetypal triangle, a Grand Trine, is associated with Precession: the Trigon of the Great Conjunction. The revolution of that Trigon is built up by "Great Conjunctions" of Saturn and Jupiter. This Trigon of Great Conjunctions is an instrument by which one could "narrow down" the almost imperceptible tempo of the Precession. To move through the whole zodiac, one of the angles of the Trigon need approximately 3 x 794 1/3 = 2383 years. That comes tolerably near to one double-hour of the greatest "day" of the Precession of 25,900 years.
The Zodiac moved from Virgo to Leo (10.000 BC), from Cancer (8700 BC, Scarab, Kheper) to Gemini (6593 BC, Twins, the Two Kingsdoms), From Taurus (Bull, 4435 BC) to Aries (Ram, 2277 BC, Shepherd, Sheep, Khnum) and from Aries to Pisces (Fish, 155 BC) and is now moving into Aquarius. The Story of Religion also moved with the Signs of the Zodiac. A new zodiacal sign was termed to "rise" starting from the day of a great conjunction at the place of the "passage." Our own era, the Age of Pisces, started with a great conjunction in Pisces, in the year 6 B.C..
The identification of an "age" with a particular zodiac constellation is based on the sun's position during the vernal equinox. Before 2000 BC, the Sun could have been seen against the stars of the constellation of Taurus at the time of vernal equinox [had there been an eclipse]. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, on average every 2,160 years the Sun appears against the stars of a new constellation at vernal equinox. The current astrological age started when the equinox precessed into the constellation of Pisces, in about the year 150 BC, with the "Age of Aquarius" starting in AD 2600.
The myth of the Eternal Return is real. Precession takes roughly 26,000 years for a cycle about the ecliptic pole. The ecliptic North Pole corresponds to the Sun's North Pole. It is the pole of the path the Sun traces about the Earth in the course of the year. The placement of Draco focuses on the Sun, so spiritually the Dragon is associated with worship of the Sun.
Dragons that 'fought with the Sun' probably described the celestrial upheaval of large fearsome comets that streaked across the sky with their long tails. They appeared cyclically and broke up upon nearing the sun, some of which collided with Earth. Eclipses were also considered celestial battles between the dark and light. In ancient times the cataclysmic forces of nature were personified as a great cosmic dragon or serpent.
Many ancient mythologies, and many god-like characters who appear in world myth, owe their existence to cosmic disasters that occurred in our solar system and which were witnessed by the inhabitants of the Earth. The cataclysmic events (involving comets and exploding planets) were permanently archived in what we nowadays refer to as the "collective unconscious."
Dragons were deeply etched in the racial memory of all mankind. Draco in Latin, the Egyptians called the constellation Tanem, the Hebrews called it Tannim, and in Aramaic its name is Tannin. The ancient root, Tan- has been wrongly translated in the Bible as whale instead of dragon. Early astrologers believed that when a comet was located in the head of the dragon, that poison was scattered all over the world.
Decoding the sky meant connecting the dots of the starry constellations, making star maps, reproducing that heaven on earth in the form of sacred sites, and embodying it in sacred royal lineage. The most ancient lines are symbolically related to the circumpolar constellation Draco, the great Dragon or "crooked" Serpent (Babylonian Sir). The winged serpent was a symbol of the Gods of Egypt, Phoenicia, China, Persia, and Hindustan.
The serpent is set in the symbol of the "Chalice," or downward pointing triangle, that has long been a womb symbol. In the Far East, this symbol is known as the Yoni. The word "one" derives from this word denoting the female womb. The title-page of THE DRAGON BOOK mimics this Dragon in the downward-pointing triangle and describes magic, treasures and immortality. Ritual swallowing by the snake in the underworld led to the symbolic return to the embryonic state, rejuvination and rebirth in the mystery schools.
Roughly 3000 BC, the heavens revolved around the Great Dragon, and so did earthly civilization. Dragons became synonymous with immortality because the celestial dragon was exempt from the cycle of time and because the dragon lineage did not die but was preserved in the noble bloodline. The point of circumpolar rotation, inhabited by the star Thuban or not, became the "Eye of the Dragon". The stars were the witnesses or watchers - the seers. Egyptian rulers wore the Uraeus serpent (Wadjet) as their crown symbol of sovereignty (serpent of life), a link to the celestial Ouroborous.
The serpent cult worshiped the esoteric or inner sun, manifested as the biophotonic energy body. This inner light is the realization of our own connection to the greater universe, of our own inner balance and our own growth toward attune to or resonance with the world around us. It is also the part of ourselves and our outer world, which gives life, sustains and gives growth. The dragon and serpent cults inspired megalithic monuments, global dragon and serpent mounds. The most ancient initiatory and healing symbols, the circumpunct, a dot within a circle and/or a cross within a circle symbolize this inner sun.
The Great Year cycle of Precession culminates in 2012. The Galactic Center according the Maya and many other cosmic cultures is where time and space have collapsed totally and do not exist. We are aligning with the Galactic Center as we complete the Great Cycle. This alignment is called the second coming of the Christ. It is the Alchemical Wedding. It is when we become One with the higher vibrations from the Galactic Center. Now, as we complete this great cycle, we move through the Galactic Centre beyond birth and death into a higher dimensional being.
The symbol of the Ouroboros, the serpent that eats its own tail, refers to a serpent of light residing in the Milky Way. In Hindu myth Vishnu is seen lying on the hundred headed serpent Ananta Sesha. Vishnu represents the center of the Milky Way out of which the consciousness of all that exists emanates. Ananta Sesha, the giant primordial serpent, is the life giving dragon who supports Vishnu on the surface of the Milky Ocean of Immortal life. Vishnu, in human form is seen dreaming as a lotus grows from his navel on which Brahma, the creator is seated. This is a metaphor for the creation of stars and planets from the center of the galaxy.
AS ABOVE, SO BELOW: The Fractal Field of Resonating Potential
The narrative of the Sky had to be a “rotating” cyclic narrative because the sky was in constant cyclic motion. Ancient tradition states that heavenly locations had earthly counterparts (”As Above, so Below“). The next step was to project this Narrative on the Sky using highly visible stars as a connection point. In the last step the Sky was projected unto Earth again.
Megaliths (”giant standing stones“, “menhirs“) and related constructions such as cairns and dolmens (chambers of stone), tumuli and barrows (ancient earthworks) and henges and circles were built by ancient man for purposes of Astronomy and Geodetics. Anyone having knowledge of the heavenly stars could thus find his way around on Earth by means of the megaliths, which served both as boundaries and landmarks.
When we measure the Earth in Egypt the number 26,400 miles appears which is the number of Years the Precession of the Equinox takes. A mile in distance upon the earth equals one year of precession, and one degree of distance on the earth, a 360th part of the circumference equals 72 years of Precession of Equinox. In Precession solar and galactic intentionality align.
The ancient Scientists not only created a highly advanced Navigation System and a Calendar, they also Mapped this System to a metric system of Earth. This System was just like the Calendar and the Navigation System implemented all over the world. To Rule efficiently you have to Standardize to predict the future.
One of most important Cycles is called the Etanic Cycle In a 780 year period the earth wobbles above the equator to a max of (4) degrees, then wobbles back below the equator to a max of (4) degrees. The full cycle take 1560 years. The 1560 year wobble can be broken down into the four quadrants of 390 years, and to the Mayan Calendar eighth part of 130 years.
The constant movement by Earth above and below the equator shifts the exposure of different areas of the planet to annual sun light. It also generates a lot of Tectonic Stress (Earth Quake Storms) from the planet’s core to its surface.
The Etanic Cycle has a huge influence on the Climate. Climate changes shift populations of humans and herds all around the Globe. To Rule the World you have to know when the Big Troubles are Coming.
The year 3117 BC was a special year not only because of the special alignment of Sun and Earth. There are 5280 Feet to the Mile. This number is 0ne fifth of the duration of the Precession Cycle. The periodicity of the well-known Economic Kondratiev Cycle is 5280/100=52.8 years.
Synchromystic
The number Five is a very important number. It is the number of the Pentangle and the Quintessence (Chi, Ether, Prana). Five is the Number of the Center. The Ancient Scientists divided the Precession Cycle into Five Stages. The Stage that started at 3117 BC was the last Phase before a new Golden Age would start. It was the Fifth Age of the Precession. 3117 BC was the start of Human Civilization. It was the time of the Establishment of the Old Kingdom, the first Writing in Sumeria, and the first Stellar Observation Systems. The Hindu Kali Yuga (‘The Dark Age“) begins at this time as well.
Upcoming annular and total eclipses in 2012 occur on May 20 and Nov 13. These with the Winter Solstice are moments of tremendous magical potential and resonant tuning. Magical timing functions like a lens to focus consciousness. Winter Solstice 2012 marks the Precessional magic moment, opening the portal of eternity for those with the secret key -- the right one at the right time, with the right aim. The arrow of Sagittarius points directly to the heart of the galactic core.
Material creation enfolded back into the Source, is dissolving manifestation in the ocean of its Origin. The Dot is thus equal to the Circle. It is the Circle, just as each degree or dot of the Circle represents the entire Circle, and consequently the Dot contains all and any possibility of material manifestation.
Dragon Tracks - Precession Paradigm
The prime paradigm of each era is that of its Age. On December 25, 3117 B.C. a total solar eclipse was visible at Sunrise at the Winter Solstice point, in the era of the global Dragon culture. This date is the Beginning of the Mayan Calendar. It is also the start of the Reign of Me-Sin or Menes, the first Pharaoh King that united Egypt.
The beginning of the new calendar marks the most important Geophysical Event of the past five millennia, the Great Flood. One of the causes of the Great Flood could be a close encounter of the earth with the comet, Typhon the Dragon.
Dragons are real and the basis of scientific priesthood and royal lineage. The sacred past is a story of sacred dragon or serpent worship. The triangular Dragon Book is essentially a magical astronomical text. Civilization was originally rooted in ancient prehistoric observations of the order of the stars. It tracked time and created calendars, and most importantly allowed predictions of eclipses rooted in the GREAT CYCLE of PRECESSION of the Zodiac, the serpentine ring of the Ecliptic.
The Center of the Universe, the Pole Star, as the most important point in the Universe. The Pole Star, the Hole in the Centre, was the entrance to the Other Worlds. Megalithic temples are tuned to this Great Cycle drama in the heavens. The "tuning and untuning of the sky" is an actual astronomical occurrence.
The Center of the Universe is not fixed. It moves around in a circle counter the Circle of the Zodiac. The Movement of the Center is called the Precession of the Equinox, and takes about 26,400 years. This movement was already known before the Great Flood occured. Plato called it the Great Year, and each of its "months" is a sign of the Zodiac.
Some 6,500 years ago the position of the equinoctial sun was aligned with the band of the Milky Way. This provided an obvious celestial alignment, occurring twice a year on the equinoxes, when the sun would conjunct the Milky Way -- the Bridge Out of Tim -- opening the way out of the plane of the living (the zodiac) and up to the cosmic center and source in heaven. A "breaking asunder" occurred when this great cosmogonic picture began to precess out of alignment. Presumably, the "untuning of the sky" coincided with increasing social tension, leading to greater collective confusion and our descent into history.
The earth either wobbles in what is known as the Precession of the Equinox or orbits in a binary star system with the same observable result. This wobble take approximately 25,800 years to go from a beginning point and return to that point. But the earth doesn't really return to the exact point in space because of at least two other factors, the perihelion precession and the obliquity of the ecliptic. Simply put, The Sun appears (as viewed from the earth) to move backward through the stars at the rate of about 1 degree every 72 years.
Key numbers of Babylonian-Sumerian mathematics (including the sixty-based system still being used) were derived from astronomical observations, and yield the traditional estimate of precession: 108 x 4 x 60 = 25,920 years.The Cycle of the Precession was divided into twelve parts of 2200 years and related to the Zodiac. With every movement into a new part of the Zodiac, society was completely reorganized to the theme of the Sign of the Zodiac.
The huge precessional clock does not stop. The axis of the earth slowly changes its orientation in space - either directly due to a precession of earth's polar axis or indirectly as a result of our entire solar system moving around a point x in space.Earth is like a gyroscope. Earth is suppose to precess opposite to its direction of rotation. The period of its complete precession cycle is said to take about 25,800 years.
During this Great Year time period, Earth supposedly goes through one retrograding rotation relative to the inertial system of the fixed stars. An additional time interval of one year of about 365 days must occur simultaneously. But since this time interval cannot be substantiated by actual time measurement, the theory of the Earth's precession does not have a proven scientific foundation. But it was accepted by all cultures in antiquity.
Hamlet's Mill describes a cycle within the precessional shifting of the crossroads of ecliptic and equator. An archetypal triangle, a Grand Trine, is associated with Precession: the Trigon of the Great Conjunction. The revolution of that Trigon is built up by "Great Conjunctions" of Saturn and Jupiter. This Trigon of Great Conjunctions is an instrument by which one could "narrow down" the almost imperceptible tempo of the Precession. To move through the whole zodiac, one of the angles of the Trigon need approximately 3 x 794 1/3 = 2383 years. That comes tolerably near to one double-hour of the greatest "day" of the Precession of 25,900 years.
The Zodiac moved from Virgo to Leo (10.000 BC), from Cancer (8700 BC, Scarab, Kheper) to Gemini (6593 BC, Twins, the Two Kingsdoms), From Taurus (Bull, 4435 BC) to Aries (Ram, 2277 BC, Shepherd, Sheep, Khnum) and from Aries to Pisces (Fish, 155 BC) and is now moving into Aquarius. The Story of Religion also moved with the Signs of the Zodiac. A new zodiacal sign was termed to "rise" starting from the day of a great conjunction at the place of the "passage." Our own era, the Age of Pisces, started with a great conjunction in Pisces, in the year 6 B.C..
The identification of an "age" with a particular zodiac constellation is based on the sun's position during the vernal equinox. Before 2000 BC, the Sun could have been seen against the stars of the constellation of Taurus at the time of vernal equinox [had there been an eclipse]. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, on average every 2,160 years the Sun appears against the stars of a new constellation at vernal equinox. The current astrological age started when the equinox precessed into the constellation of Pisces, in about the year 150 BC, with the "Age of Aquarius" starting in AD 2600.
The myth of the Eternal Return is real. Precession takes roughly 26,000 years for a cycle about the ecliptic pole. The ecliptic North Pole corresponds to the Sun's North Pole. It is the pole of the path the Sun traces about the Earth in the course of the year. The placement of Draco focuses on the Sun, so spiritually the Dragon is associated with worship of the Sun.
Dragons that 'fought with the Sun' probably described the celestrial upheaval of large fearsome comets that streaked across the sky with their long tails. They appeared cyclically and broke up upon nearing the sun, some of which collided with Earth. Eclipses were also considered celestial battles between the dark and light. In ancient times the cataclysmic forces of nature were personified as a great cosmic dragon or serpent.
Many ancient mythologies, and many god-like characters who appear in world myth, owe their existence to cosmic disasters that occurred in our solar system and which were witnessed by the inhabitants of the Earth. The cataclysmic events (involving comets and exploding planets) were permanently archived in what we nowadays refer to as the "collective unconscious."
Dragons were deeply etched in the racial memory of all mankind. Draco in Latin, the Egyptians called the constellation Tanem, the Hebrews called it Tannim, and in Aramaic its name is Tannin. The ancient root, Tan- has been wrongly translated in the Bible as whale instead of dragon. Early astrologers believed that when a comet was located in the head of the dragon, that poison was scattered all over the world.
Decoding the sky meant connecting the dots of the starry constellations, making star maps, reproducing that heaven on earth in the form of sacred sites, and embodying it in sacred royal lineage. The most ancient lines are symbolically related to the circumpolar constellation Draco, the great Dragon or "crooked" Serpent (Babylonian Sir). The winged serpent was a symbol of the Gods of Egypt, Phoenicia, China, Persia, and Hindustan.
The serpent is set in the symbol of the "Chalice," or downward pointing triangle, that has long been a womb symbol. In the Far East, this symbol is known as the Yoni. The word "one" derives from this word denoting the female womb. The title-page of THE DRAGON BOOK mimics this Dragon in the downward-pointing triangle and describes magic, treasures and immortality. Ritual swallowing by the snake in the underworld led to the symbolic return to the embryonic state, rejuvination and rebirth in the mystery schools.
Roughly 3000 BC, the heavens revolved around the Great Dragon, and so did earthly civilization. Dragons became synonymous with immortality because the celestial dragon was exempt from the cycle of time and because the dragon lineage did not die but was preserved in the noble bloodline. The point of circumpolar rotation, inhabited by the star Thuban or not, became the "Eye of the Dragon". The stars were the witnesses or watchers - the seers. Egyptian rulers wore the Uraeus serpent (Wadjet) as their crown symbol of sovereignty (serpent of life), a link to the celestial Ouroborous.
The serpent cult worshiped the esoteric or inner sun, manifested as the biophotonic energy body. This inner light is the realization of our own connection to the greater universe, of our own inner balance and our own growth toward attune to or resonance with the world around us. It is also the part of ourselves and our outer world, which gives life, sustains and gives growth. The dragon and serpent cults inspired megalithic monuments, global dragon and serpent mounds. The most ancient initiatory and healing symbols, the circumpunct, a dot within a circle and/or a cross within a circle symbolize this inner sun.
The Great Year cycle of Precession culminates in 2012. The Galactic Center according the Maya and many other cosmic cultures is where time and space have collapsed totally and do not exist. We are aligning with the Galactic Center as we complete the Great Cycle. This alignment is called the second coming of the Christ. It is the Alchemical Wedding. It is when we become One with the higher vibrations from the Galactic Center. Now, as we complete this great cycle, we move through the Galactic Centre beyond birth and death into a higher dimensional being.
The symbol of the Ouroboros, the serpent that eats its own tail, refers to a serpent of light residing in the Milky Way. In Hindu myth Vishnu is seen lying on the hundred headed serpent Ananta Sesha. Vishnu represents the center of the Milky Way out of which the consciousness of all that exists emanates. Ananta Sesha, the giant primordial serpent, is the life giving dragon who supports Vishnu on the surface of the Milky Ocean of Immortal life. Vishnu, in human form is seen dreaming as a lotus grows from his navel on which Brahma, the creator is seated. This is a metaphor for the creation of stars and planets from the center of the galaxy.
AS ABOVE, SO BELOW: The Fractal Field of Resonating Potential
The narrative of the Sky had to be a “rotating” cyclic narrative because the sky was in constant cyclic motion. Ancient tradition states that heavenly locations had earthly counterparts (”As Above, so Below“). The next step was to project this Narrative on the Sky using highly visible stars as a connection point. In the last step the Sky was projected unto Earth again.
Megaliths (”giant standing stones“, “menhirs“) and related constructions such as cairns and dolmens (chambers of stone), tumuli and barrows (ancient earthworks) and henges and circles were built by ancient man for purposes of Astronomy and Geodetics. Anyone having knowledge of the heavenly stars could thus find his way around on Earth by means of the megaliths, which served both as boundaries and landmarks.
When we measure the Earth in Egypt the number 26,400 miles appears which is the number of Years the Precession of the Equinox takes. A mile in distance upon the earth equals one year of precession, and one degree of distance on the earth, a 360th part of the circumference equals 72 years of Precession of Equinox. In Precession solar and galactic intentionality align.
The ancient Scientists not only created a highly advanced Navigation System and a Calendar, they also Mapped this System to a metric system of Earth. This System was just like the Calendar and the Navigation System implemented all over the world. To Rule efficiently you have to Standardize to predict the future.
One of most important Cycles is called the Etanic Cycle In a 780 year period the earth wobbles above the equator to a max of (4) degrees, then wobbles back below the equator to a max of (4) degrees. The full cycle take 1560 years. The 1560 year wobble can be broken down into the four quadrants of 390 years, and to the Mayan Calendar eighth part of 130 years.
The constant movement by Earth above and below the equator shifts the exposure of different areas of the planet to annual sun light. It also generates a lot of Tectonic Stress (Earth Quake Storms) from the planet’s core to its surface.
The Etanic Cycle has a huge influence on the Climate. Climate changes shift populations of humans and herds all around the Globe. To Rule the World you have to know when the Big Troubles are Coming.
The year 3117 BC was a special year not only because of the special alignment of Sun and Earth. There are 5280 Feet to the Mile. This number is 0ne fifth of the duration of the Precession Cycle. The periodicity of the well-known Economic Kondratiev Cycle is 5280/100=52.8 years.
Synchromystic
The number Five is a very important number. It is the number of the Pentangle and the Quintessence (Chi, Ether, Prana). Five is the Number of the Center. The Ancient Scientists divided the Precession Cycle into Five Stages. The Stage that started at 3117 BC was the last Phase before a new Golden Age would start. It was the Fifth Age of the Precession. 3117 BC was the start of Human Civilization. It was the time of the Establishment of the Old Kingdom, the first Writing in Sumeria, and the first Stellar Observation Systems. The Hindu Kali Yuga (‘The Dark Age“) begins at this time as well.
Upcoming annular and total eclipses in 2012 occur on May 20 and Nov 13. These with the Winter Solstice are moments of tremendous magical potential and resonant tuning. Magical timing functions like a lens to focus consciousness. Winter Solstice 2012 marks the Precessional magic moment, opening the portal of eternity for those with the secret key -- the right one at the right time, with the right aim. The arrow of Sagittarius points directly to the heart of the galactic core.
- A total eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The intensely bright disk of the Sun is replaced by the dark silhouette of the Moon, and the much fainter corona is visible. During any one eclipse, totality is visible only from at most a narrow track on the surface of the Earth.
- An annular eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun. The Sun appears as a very bright ring, or annulus, surrounding the outline of the Moon.
2520 Cycle
Ancient Metrology
by Iona Miller
http://syndex1.iwarp.com2
Syndex I & II are about the spiritual and universal beauty of numbers. They reflect the order and beauty of nature, but also of psyche. According to Jung, number unifies the physical and psychic (as in "realm of the psyche", not fortunetelling) worlds through synchronicity. Jung's basic ideas about the unity of knowledge and existence are in principle synonymous with the Platonic tradition, alchemy, Qabala and Gnosticism. Plato treated the end product of the evolution of mathematical concepts, (a fixed system of idealized objects), as an independent beginning point of the evolution of the "world of things." This concrete form of philosophy was determined by the nature of Greek mathematics.
http://syndex2.iwarp.com
Ancient cultures and alphanumerics. The Hindu divine numberword Om/108, is called the number of the Universe. The graphic enspiralment of the natural number continuum into a mandala or mandalog (based on 108 axes) forms a crucial tool for investigation of hidden properties of numbers. Multiples of 108 form the basis of Indian time measurement, the Yugas and Ages. Synchrograph C is a graphic spiral of rhythmic symmetries. On this number wheel, natural numbers are spiralled 60 times around a radial array of 108 increments to the number 6480. Contemplating the C-Graph revealed the Holotomic Sequence: 12, 24, 72, 360, 2520, 27720, 360360, 6126120, etc., created by prime number multiplexing, and the exemplary 9/11 wavecycle (a +4, -4 basewave).
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PROTO-METROLOGY
Earth’s Measure is the Golden Key to Precession
By Iona Miller, 2009
Earth’s Epochs
There is a lost wisdom whose traces are found in ancient natural sciences, including cosmology. The Precession of the Equinoxes is a measure of Earth’s rotational axis (celestial pole) in space. Earth moves around in its orbit and rotates on its axis. But that axis creates a third motion of the Earth, relative to the fixed stars. The stars move across the sky at the rate of about one degree per 72 years.
The modern measure of one such cyclic span or period is 25,771.5 years but there are many variables in the calculation. After one full cycle of 25,771.5 years, the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are "back where they started."
But other effects -- including wobble, torque, magnitude of the Earth’s tilt and gravitational forces of other heavenly bodies -- also slowly change the shape and orientation of the Earth's orbit. These, in combination with precession, create various cycles of slightly differing periods.
Written history does not encompass even one such cycle as mythological history is less than 10,000 years old. Metrology is perhaps 5000 years old but mankind has been systematically observing the sky for at least 50,000 years. Legendary numbers seem to have originated in Sumerian culture as the result of geodesic and cosmological measurements discovered millennia ago, in the mists of prehistory.
The Sumerians mythologized “divine” numbers as time portals. Metrology and chronology go together as soon as we try to take Earth’s measure in the cosmos. It appears the system was observed or discovered through simple arithmetic, rather than contrived. Precession was the ideal prototype, the vast cosmic standard by which all other things were measured.
Mankind has an inherent love of measuring which is the natural basis of metrology. It has pragmatic survival and social value. Ancient metrology is the science whose evidence is encoded and mirrored in the sacred dimensions of the Pyramids, Stonehenge, and other earthly monuments oriented to the heavens. The numerical code lies behind the layouts of temples and cities and systems of measuring time from megalithic Britain to China and even in the Americas. (Scherz)
Measurement was a sacred system of knowledge established in prehistory, based on observations of cosmic cycles. Standards of measure were framed upon universal principles of number and the geophysical dimensions of the ever-turning Earth. There is no starting nor ending point. Celestial time is virtually inconceivable without the Great Cycle.
Immense Movement
Precession is the gradual shift in the orientation of the Earth's axis of rotation, which, like a wobbling top, traces out a conical shape in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years as it maps the heavens. The Sumerian calendar was based on the 25,920 Precession cycles. The Platonic Year was based on the divine number 2160 (1080 x 2). Plato mentions another divine number in his Republic -- 5040 (2520 x 2).
12 x 2160 = 25920
20 x 108 = 2160
36 x 60 = 2160
2160 + 360 = 2520
2160 + 432 = 2592
The key to the comprehensive analysis of general number behavior is found in the concept of "circular unity." Circular unity is an idea demonstrated by the harmonious interaction of the first six numbers. SIX is the first perfect number, being the sum of its first three digits, or 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
1 x 2 x 3 = 6; 62 = 36; 36 x 3 = 108; 362 =1296 x 2 = 2592.
The Precession of the Equinoxes was first noticed as a slow but steady slippage through the Zodiac of 1 degree every 72 years. A full cycle was a journey of Earth through all the signs of the Zodiac. The equinoxes move westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the motion of the Sun along the ecliptic.
To complete one cycle of the zodiac--a "Great" or Platonic Year--requires 25,920 years. Dividing this sum by 360 yields the number 432, the root of the mythological count of 432,000 years. However, it is not only mythological, or archetypal--it was discovered by centuries of controlled astronomical observation, even prior to written record-keeping.
Numerical Harmonics
Cosmology, horizon-based astronomy, astrology, architecture, navigation, geography, geometry, mathematics, timekeeping, writing, proportion in art, and musical notation were all related to numerical canon. The ancients encoded their knowledge of the world in their sacred monuments and texts as an esoteric code of numbers, formulas, and proportion.
There are cross-cultural links in units of measure related to sexagesimal fractions of meridian degree. All relate fractionally to the Sumerian cubit. Although no measuring devices survive from Sumeria, the varying values of the Sumerian cubit have been accurately established from the dimensions of buildings, the measurement of bricks, and from cuneiform tablets that record these dimensions.
The most widely acknowledged value of the cubit is taken from that of the half-cubit represented as a rule on the statue of Gudea from Lagash, and given as 248mm. The cubit usually divided sexagesimally into 30 fingers is at times divided into 24 fingers as in the rest of the ancient world. This 24th division of the Sumerian cubit is the Megalithic inch. Obviously this digit is the Sumerian value, 24 to that cubit, 25 to the royal Egyptian and 40 to the Megalithic yard. Units were kept standard in the dimensions of permanent stone monuments. (Neal, 2003)
“The sacred Jewish cubit, that of Moses and Ezekiel, expressed as "a cubit and a hands breadth" refers to the royal Egyptian as the basic cubit. Since a hands breadth is 5 digits, the implication is that 5 such hands comprise the royal Egyptian and 6 the sacred Jewish, this digit is therefore the Megalithic "inch": 15 to the "common" Greek foot, 24 to the Sumerian cubit, 25 to the royal Egyptian cubit, 30 to the sacred Jewish cubit and 40 to the Megalithic yard. There is little doubt that we are regarding a single organization of measurement in what has previously been viewed as quite separate systems.” (Neal)
Ancient religions had pronounced astrological elements, which have defined precessional ages from Taurus through Pisces, and the imminent age of Aquarius. Ancient state temples may have functioned as permanent repositories of standards of measures. Gods, (to whom the temples were dedicated) had characteristic numbers, from which they were indistinguishable.
The exemplar number, 108, is known as the number of the Universe. It also corresponds with the god Brahma, and the seed-syllable AUM or OM. Numbers expressed qualities, not just quantities. Prime numbers figure prominently in the measuring and numerical canons of ancient and modern times.
In the old beliefs, this code, (whose true source is lost in prehistoric antiquity), is always alleged to have a divine origin, from the gods or a god-like man. Lore relating to sacred words or phrases arose, because letters and numbers were interchangable or alphanumeric. The code arises naturally from the inherent structure of arithmetic. This golden code emphasized certain key numbers, which were seized upon by different cultures.
Ancient Metrics
Metrology was the basis for development of both philosophic and scientific attitudes. The divine order of the universe was the central idea of the ancient world, and all belief-systems were enmeshed with it. Metrology provided the foundation of the systematic rational vision of the world. Cosmic order embodied in metrology was the fundamental aspect of ancient thought. Number mysticism was the essential basis of most of their knowledge.
Of course, information about the Universe has always been there, but its availability is limited to those prepared to receive or decode it. Ancient cosmologies were not only models of the physical universe, but representations of a universal mathematical archetype. The numerical canon revealed correspondences between different orders of natural phenomena. Metrology included sacred units for measuring the Universe, units of time, space, weight, and mass (or volume).
Root Gauge
The ancient sacred units of measure come from the principle dimensions of the earth (geodesic or geodetic) and astronomical (or cosmological) constants, such as the Precession of the Equinoxes, and the orbital periods of the observable planets.
Land was measured in Mesopotamia and Egypt by the same “statute foot” we use today. The “geographic foot” is related to the length of a minute of arc at a latitude which corresponds to that found in lands such as northern Egypt. By definition, there are 6000 geographic feet in a nautical mile (one minute of latitude arc on the surface of the earth). 1/10 of a nautical mile is an ancient land measure called the "geographic stade"--600 geographic feet, or 606 (600 + 6) of our common feet. (Stecchini; Scherz)
Geography developed from metrology. Traders and navigators needed to calculate distances and time for travel. This link between measures of length and time united metrology and astronomy, and led to astronomical navigation. Ancient navigators used a sexigesimal method of dividing the horizon, using six (rather than four) cardinal directions.
Widening Gyre
Ancient linear measures expressed fractions of the earth's dimensions (polar diameter, circumference, radius, meridian circumference), generally in units of 12. Thus, we have 360 degrees of latitude, each of 60 minutes of 3600 seconds.
Cross-culturally, ancient units of measure relate proportionately to each other, because the old units (whether Mesopotamian, Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Chinese, etc.) represent fractions of the earth's dimensions. Russian archaeologist Bieliaev, points out that the same weights with the same subdivisions are found in early Rome and India of the third millennium B.C. He traced connecting links to Sumer and Egypt, and found the same units used in medieval Russia.
In ancient times, the Universe meant the observable Universe. For Pythagorean and Platonist thinkers, the patterns of numerical relationships which occur in the processes of arithmetic and geometry were considered the formative influences behind all of nature's phenomena. Numerical patterns were detected in the manifestations and dynamics of nature. Behind this is a philosophy of numbers which express universal relationships.
Although usually superceded by practical arithmetic, there is much to learn from the study of the relationship of number and form. The essence of all matter is dynamic relationships. Number is the 'first paradigm,' the basic ordering principle of nature.
Transient, Eternal or Cyclic?
Many so-called "key numbers of the Solar System" are involved, because key numbers have always stood out for their unique properties. The ancients discovered them through aeons of empirical observations of cosmic cycles. They were capable of observing long-term effects, (such as the precessional cycle), with horizon-based astronomy. Their observations of the divine order were central to the core of their civilizations.
Ancient metrology does provide a clue to what numbers might be interesting to investigate. Syndex II (Miller) follows the clues by using direct observation of natural number behavior displayed in a spiral, rather than interpretation of what is there to be seen. Certain numbers graphically call attention to themselves. It requires no ancient, alien, or mystical source, no occult doctrine or arcane secret, no ideology. It predicts no "end time." It is simply a graphically revealed "truth."
#108 as the Hindu number of the Universe is a circular totality which encodes the structure of Epochs or Divine Ages. Since the incremental 'numbers of the ages' are multiples of #108, when enspiralled along 108 axes, the characters 0 - 6480 all align along the zero/108 axis -- they naturally share the same neighborhood when displayed as "Mandalogs" or "Holotomes". (Miller & Marshall, Syndex I)By starting with 6 (the first perfect number) and multiplying by the primes in their natural order, we get the sequence 12, 24, 72, 360, 2520, 27720, 360360, 6126120, etc. Each of these numbers forms a geometrical entity, a circular unity, (Holotome). These numbers just happen to be the exact sequence of minimal sums that accomodate the maximal amount of factors of division. Their synergetic qualities have remained unnoticed in classical number theory.
The synchrographic structure of the two ancient Hindu modules of circular unity disclose that the Yugas fall into a perfect tertiary symmetry. The Ages assume a perfect quadric symmetry when spiralled along 108 axes of a number field, array, or matrix. The final number of this synchrograph is 6480. The number of zeros at the end of any astronomical Hindu number is nearly arbitrary. The glyph unifies the two ancient systems.
Sacred Measurement
In antiquity, knowledge of an alphanumerical canon spread throughout the Middle East, to Greece and India, back to the Moslem Empire, and from there into medieval Europe to catalyze the Renaissance. India raised mathematics to a high art with its most revered number 108, the number of OM and the Universe, the number of Brahma.
This number formed the basis of the Ages and Yugas, which are all multiples of this sacred numberword. Yugas include 432, 864, 1296, 1728 and add to 4320. Ages include 648, 1296, 1944, 2592 and add to 6480.
108 is itself 3 x 36--part of the Sumerian sar, 3600, also dubbed the number of the Universe, a unit of Divine Time, a year of the gods (3,600 earth-years). The number of zeros tacked on the end of these cosmological numbers is almost irrelevant, and merely emphasizes their vast importance.
Since 108 is 3 x 36 and both systems mutually include the square of 36 (1296), it becomes evident that the classic 360 degree circular unity is the common denominator of these separate systems (360 degrees of 60 minutes or 3600 seconds each).
According to Neugebauer (1952), "the division of the circumference of a circle into 360 parts originated in Babylonian astronomy of the last centuries B.C. The sexagesimal number system as such is many centuries older and has nothing to do with astronomical concepts."
However, in a far newer work, Sumerian scholar Zecharia Sitchen (1993) differs in opinion, attributing both mathematical astronomy and 360 circular unity to the Sumerians, based on his own cuneiform translations. He also refers to "the role that the key number 12 played in Sumerian science," and the "celestial 72," which comes from the precessional shift of 1 degree. He notes that 120 sars equals 432,000 earth-years. This is the number of the Great Yuga.
The key to Sumerian metrology is not as simple as the sexigesimal 6 x 60 = 360. Even in Sumeria, the sexigesimal system (60-division) was only applied in strictly mathematical and astronomical contexts. The sexagesimal numerical system had a decimal substratum (36 x 10 = 360). In other matters they used 24-division, 12-division, 10-division, and 2-division.
The real key involves the sequence in which prime numbers naturally occur in the baseten continuum. This is demonstated by multipling the third and fourth Holotomes together: 72 x 360 = 25920, a number given for the Precession of the Equinoxes in Sumerian cuneiform records. Clearly, this number relates directly to Yugas and Ages.
72 x 36 = 25920 divided by 2 = 12960;
divided by 3 = 8640
by 4 = 6480; by 6 = 4320
72 + 360 = 432
Contemplation of the numberwheel 108 discloses the complete menagery of "sacred numbers." 864 is 12 x 72, holotomes A and C; 1728 is 24 x 72, holotomes B and C.
Both systems share 362 = 1296.
Mathematical Wisdom
Contemplation of this number wheel discloses the complete menagery of "sacred numbers." The key numbers of ancient metrology and the Holotomic Sequence are found in positions of perfect symmetry (such as the quadratic array of the four-digit palindromic sequence: 1881, 2772, 3663, 4554) where only chaos exists in classical number theory. Nature's behaviors coincide with the most crucial divisions of the synergetic continuum of baseten number.
The main thread of the number concept in the crossroads cultures passed from Sumeria-Akkadia-Babylonia to Phoenicia to Hellenistic (and Hebrew), to Indian to Islamic to European cultures. Key numbers, cosmic cycles, and divine numbers permeate the number concepts of all these cultures. The Greeks and Hebrews had alphanumeric systems which developed into numerology and numberword mysticism.
Number mystics from the Pythagoreans onward considered number 'one' as the Infinite God, the First Cause, the One who transcends all multiplicity. To the Greeks, numbers were divine concepts, ideas in the mind the god who had fashioned the world. God was a great mathematician. In the Hebrew Qabala, the world is made with numbers and letters. In more accurate terms, the characters representing manifestation were alphanumeric.
The SEFIR YETZIRAH, the Book of Creation or Formation (300-600 AD) describes how God created the manifest universe by means of letters and numbers which are the foundation of all things. The letters are part of 'one body,' the alphabet which is an extension of God's own being. All created things, made by means of the letters, are also parts of the one body which is God.
True being for the Hebrew is the 'word,' dabhar, which comprises all Hebraic realities: word, deed, and concrete object. Non-being, nothing (no thing) is signified correspondingly by 'not word,' lo dabhar.
In European magical tradition, the most important of all alphanumeric alphabets is the Hebrew which had 22 letters, all of which were consonants. Vowels were inferred from context Contemplation (theory) and application (practice) is the mystical tradition of Qabala. In this alphabet there are no vowels (our a,e,i,o, and u) represented. The same is true of the older Phoenician (Canaanite) alphabet, from which our own alphabet is descended--by way of the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin alphabets.
All over the ancient orient, in Assyria and Babylonia, as well as Egypt, the word and particularly the word of God, was not only nor even primarily an expression of thought; it was a mighty and dynamic force. The Assyrians and Babylonians conceived of the divine word under the image of a physical-cosmic power.
In Egypt, the power of creating and sustaining everything was traced back to the divine word, the ever-active fluid or ethereal divine substance proceeding out of the mouth of divinity. For example, in Memphis, Ptah is the Creator of the world. The specific organ of creation is 'the mouth which named all things.'
There is an ancient code of numbers and proportion based on metrological standards of measure. Such constants as astronomical Precession, and geodetic measures such as polar diameter provided the basic context. Fractions of the earth's principle dimensions mirrored numerical patterns in the appearance and movement of nature.
These numbers are the vestiges of the Sumerian sexagesimal system and calendar. Earlier measures of astronomy, astrology, and cosmology were usually in units of 12, as were various ancient units of measurement of time.
Constants of Nature
Mankind counted days and the changing of the moon and seasons for millennia before recorded history. As early as 3760 BC, the Sumerians created a lunar calendar. By 2800 B.C., they had worked our a cycle of 19 years which kept it synchronized with the solar year and seasons. Certain years had 12 lunar months, while others had thirteen. This lunar calendar was adapted by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks and Jews. The Nippur calendar is still the basis of Jewish religious ceremonies. The Hebrew year in 2009 is 5769.
Sumerian astronomy included the concept of "deep time," as recounted in the Enuma Elish, the Epic of Creation. Ancient texts known as the Sumerian King Lists describe the settling of the divine Anunnaki on Earth before the deluge. They list the governorships of the first 10 leaders which lasted a total of 120 sars, or 432,000 Earth-years.
This is a direct source for divine eras in Hindu lore, but they expand the vastness to an overall time span of 4,320,000, and then to a Divine Year or Day of Lord Brahma--4,320,000,000--a thousandfold great yugas. The Sumerian formula is echoed in the Hindu traditions.
From Sumeria comes the ubiquitous concept of a sky divided into 360 degrees of Latitude, 60 minutes of 3600 seconds; 12 month years beginning on Spring Equinox; 12 hours of day and night (2x12=24); 12 signs of the Zodiac, etc.
Sumerian fractions were geared to the principle of repeated halving. Whole unit or natural fractions are important in arranging metrological units. The system based on 60 is evenly divisibly by 2,3,4,5,6,10,15, and 30 eliminating the frequent need of fractions. This naturally leads to grouping higher units in 12, 30, or 60. All these ratios occur in one or another of the parallel systems of units in Mesopotamian metrology. 4320 is one such number; so is 108000.
The Greek astronomers adopted this system, and so did their followers in India, the Islamic Empire, and Europe. Much of the mathematical knowledge commonly ascribed to the early Greek philosophers was already known to the Egyptians and Mesopotamians centuries before the rise of Greek civilization. However, the Greeks preserved and spread this knowledge. They were the first to consider mathematical concepts as abstractions not part of the real world, but of the idealized "sacred space" of the human mind.
There is some evidence of ancient India having direct contact with Sumeria around 2500 B.C. This is difficult to document, but not to deduce. However, nevertheless, Hindus contributed the final step to mathematical astronomy, namely, the use of the place value notation for the smaller decimal units. This is where we get our divisions of 60, 24, 12, and 2.
As we have shown elsewhere, these are closely allied to the HOLOTOMIC SEQUENCE: 12 - 24 - 72 - 360 - 2520, etc. These numbers are the vestiges of the Sumerian sexagesimal system and calendar rooted in Precession cycles and natural number dynamics.
REFERENCES
Berriman, A.E. (1953) Historical Metrology
Knorr, W. R. (1985), The geometer and the archaeoastronomers: on the prehistoric origins of mathematics. Review of: Geometry and algebra in ancient civilizations [Springer, Berlin, 1983; MR: 85b:01001] by B. L. van der Waerden. British J. Hist. Sci. 18 (1985), no. 59, part 2, 197--212. SC: 01A10, MR: 87k:01003.
Michell, J. (1981), Ancient Metrology,
Miller, Iona and Robert Marshall (1998), SYNDEX II, A synergetic revisioning of number dynamics in light of ancient metrology and modern cosmography www.geocities.com/numeronom...dexii.html
Scherz, Old World Units of Measure Found in the Layout Geometry of Prehistoric Earthworks at Newark, Ohio By Dr James P Scherz www.midwesternepigraphic.org/scherz.html
Sitchen, Zecharia (1997), When Time Began, Avon; New York.
THE AURIC KEY: SYNDEX I and SYNDEX II by Iona Miller and Robert "Bob" Marshall Syndex I & II are about the spiritual and universal beauty of numbers. They reflect the order and beauty of nature, but also of psyche. According to Jung, number unifies the physical and psychic (as in "realm of the psyche", not fortunetelling) worlds through synchronicity. Jung's basic ideas about the unity of knowledge and existence are in principle synonymous with the Platonic tradition, alchemy, Qabala and Gnosticism. Plato treated the end product of the evolution of mathematical concepts, (a fixed system of idealized objects), as an independent beginning point of the evolution of the "world of things." This concrete form of philosophy was determined by the nature of Greek mathematics. These philosophies seek to reconcile the actual condition with a hypothetical distant ideal, which expansively incorporates both personal and universal dimensions. It is an inward-oriented epistemology. By intuitive perception we can consciously reiterate the laws of Nature and mind which are equivalent to the archetypes themselves. Belief in the essential aspect of the mathematical as a real world, a "last reality" underlies the surprising efficiency of mathematics in the natural sciences and technology.
But are numbers really abstract entities existing independently of the human mind? What is the nature of mathematical truth, and how is it translated into mathematical knowledge? If it exists in another "ideal world", how can we know anything at all about the subject-matter of mathematics? What collective criteria determines the nature, terms and rules of this world?
In the Jungian view, numbers (like other archetypes of the collective unconscious) are contents and patterns of behavior which are not personally acquired in experience but are inborn. The Platonic Forms are the objects of knowledge, which is regarded as innate. They can emerge dynamically as well as imagistically. The essential nature of the Forms is dual: unity and multiplicity, finitude and infinitude. "The One" is the origin of Forms in the same way that the psyche is the origin of the archetypes.
Because they form a primary conceptual language, numbers have heavily influenced the development of culture, philosophy and myth as well as sciences such as cosmology. 'Number is All' was the Pythagorean motto. Numbers were symbols representing cosmic principles. The whole philosophy of numbers came from distinctions created by the primordial division of the One into multiplicity. Because of their archetypal essence, their mode of articulation is essentially mythic and radically symbolic.
Mathematics, by the very nature of its method, is an essentially Platonic pursuit. Mathematicians treat the objects of their investigations as real objects in a hypostasized space, as if they existed independently in some pure world of their own. Thus, they reason that the amount of prime numbers is "infinite." Discussing the amount of prime numbers, mathematicians believe that they are discussing objects as real as collections of things in their everyday life.
We use numbers casually and rigorously as a language to order space. Since ancient times, their archetypal dynamics have been the foundation of philosophy, religious, and artistic thought. Patterns of dynamic energy in numbers reflect patterns of nature--the order of the universe. Whether they actually form the basis of the universe is the subject of ongoing debate among many schools of mathematicians. The qualitative distinctions we make between phenomena are fundamentally numerical. We still don't know why the universe appears to follow mathematical laws. However, as Hilbert has suggested, we do know that the idea of the Infinite deviates significantly from the situation in the physical Universe.
Are numbers and functions the inventions of mathematicians, or do they exist independently of us? Just because a mathematical object can possibly exist doesn't mean it actually does exist. Yet, mathematicians imagine they are talking about real objects, when they may be talking about stabilized concepts. The new direction in the philosophy of mathematics is a "quasi-empirical approach that treats mathematics as just another messy experimental science." A partially unconscious process of idealization ends in the stable concept of numbers, points, lines, spheres.
When working in geometry, a mathematician does not investigate the relations of real things. He investigates some idealized, fixed notion of these relations. This notion is subjectively treated as "reality" without any fundamental reality behind it. It can, therefore, arguably be considered art as well as science. In practice, mathematicians jump to conclusions, and after the jump has been made begin the labor of proving the theorem or constructing a coherent theory. This involves subconscious reasoning, tenacity, focus, judgement, concentration, elementary intuition, free association, and conceptual visualization.
Some say mathematics is a purely human construct, an artifact of our nervous systems and culture. Others attest that even chimps and infants are hard-wired by evolution for arithmetic to deal with real objects in the real world. Numbers are not Platonic ideals but neurological creations. Integers, like colors, are artifacts of our sensory processing mechanisms.
Dehaene traces the arithmetical model to the inferior parietal cortex. This poorly understood location is where visual, auditory, tactile signals, and language processing converge. Mathematics, or at least mathematical notation, is another human languge. It also appears to be the language of nature, and therefore physical reality. Of the infinite range of mathematical creations, scientists keep those that help explain and predict reality.
The concept of natural numbers is a fixed model, an idealization of quantitative relations which ends in stable concepts of numbers. The dynamics of those numbers are described in number theory. Number theory, one of the oldest branches of pure mathematics, concerns elementary properties of primes, divisibility among integers, the existence of greatest common divisors, the study of specific families of numbers, simple recurrent relations, factorization, and more. Syndex addresses these aspects with easy to state conjectures which can be understood and observed in graphics without any particular mathematical training.
Mathematical Platonism concerns the investigation of fixed or self-contained models. The Platonic Idea or Form is essentially an unchangeable form. As symbols, numbers express the particular in the universal, the eternal in the finite. They express the ordering function of their archetypal nature. The Neoplatonists assumed an a priori structure of knowledge grounded in archetypal forms and directed toward a unification of the ultimate principle of "the One" with the diverse phenomena of "the Many." This could also apply to the number field.
We contend that the Holotomes are such self-contained models of holistic, self-reflective, finite portions of the number continuum. Holotomes are geometrically symmetrical, modular unities, based on the minimal numbers divisible by the the maximal factors of division. Each holotome adds an additional factor of divisibility to its circular unity. All base digits are captured by the number 2520.
by Iona Miller
http://syndex1.iwarp.com2
Syndex I & II are about the spiritual and universal beauty of numbers. They reflect the order and beauty of nature, but also of psyche. According to Jung, number unifies the physical and psychic (as in "realm of the psyche", not fortunetelling) worlds through synchronicity. Jung's basic ideas about the unity of knowledge and existence are in principle synonymous with the Platonic tradition, alchemy, Qabala and Gnosticism. Plato treated the end product of the evolution of mathematical concepts, (a fixed system of idealized objects), as an independent beginning point of the evolution of the "world of things." This concrete form of philosophy was determined by the nature of Greek mathematics.
http://syndex2.iwarp.com
Ancient cultures and alphanumerics. The Hindu divine numberword Om/108, is called the number of the Universe. The graphic enspiralment of the natural number continuum into a mandala or mandalog (based on 108 axes) forms a crucial tool for investigation of hidden properties of numbers. Multiples of 108 form the basis of Indian time measurement, the Yugas and Ages. Synchrograph C is a graphic spiral of rhythmic symmetries. On this number wheel, natural numbers are spiralled 60 times around a radial array of 108 increments to the number 6480. Contemplating the C-Graph revealed the Holotomic Sequence: 12, 24, 72, 360, 2520, 27720, 360360, 6126120, etc., created by prime number multiplexing, and the exemplary 9/11 wavecycle (a +4, -4 basewave).
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PROTO-METROLOGY
Earth’s Measure is the Golden Key to Precession
By Iona Miller, 2009
Earth’s Epochs
There is a lost wisdom whose traces are found in ancient natural sciences, including cosmology. The Precession of the Equinoxes is a measure of Earth’s rotational axis (celestial pole) in space. Earth moves around in its orbit and rotates on its axis. But that axis creates a third motion of the Earth, relative to the fixed stars. The stars move across the sky at the rate of about one degree per 72 years.
The modern measure of one such cyclic span or period is 25,771.5 years but there are many variables in the calculation. After one full cycle of 25,771.5 years, the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are "back where they started."
But other effects -- including wobble, torque, magnitude of the Earth’s tilt and gravitational forces of other heavenly bodies -- also slowly change the shape and orientation of the Earth's orbit. These, in combination with precession, create various cycles of slightly differing periods.
Written history does not encompass even one such cycle as mythological history is less than 10,000 years old. Metrology is perhaps 5000 years old but mankind has been systematically observing the sky for at least 50,000 years. Legendary numbers seem to have originated in Sumerian culture as the result of geodesic and cosmological measurements discovered millennia ago, in the mists of prehistory.
The Sumerians mythologized “divine” numbers as time portals. Metrology and chronology go together as soon as we try to take Earth’s measure in the cosmos. It appears the system was observed or discovered through simple arithmetic, rather than contrived. Precession was the ideal prototype, the vast cosmic standard by which all other things were measured.
Mankind has an inherent love of measuring which is the natural basis of metrology. It has pragmatic survival and social value. Ancient metrology is the science whose evidence is encoded and mirrored in the sacred dimensions of the Pyramids, Stonehenge, and other earthly monuments oriented to the heavens. The numerical code lies behind the layouts of temples and cities and systems of measuring time from megalithic Britain to China and even in the Americas. (Scherz)
Measurement was a sacred system of knowledge established in prehistory, based on observations of cosmic cycles. Standards of measure were framed upon universal principles of number and the geophysical dimensions of the ever-turning Earth. There is no starting nor ending point. Celestial time is virtually inconceivable without the Great Cycle.
Immense Movement
Precession is the gradual shift in the orientation of the Earth's axis of rotation, which, like a wobbling top, traces out a conical shape in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years as it maps the heavens. The Sumerian calendar was based on the 25,920 Precession cycles. The Platonic Year was based on the divine number 2160 (1080 x 2). Plato mentions another divine number in his Republic -- 5040 (2520 x 2).
12 x 2160 = 25920
20 x 108 = 2160
36 x 60 = 2160
2160 + 360 = 2520
2160 + 432 = 2592
The key to the comprehensive analysis of general number behavior is found in the concept of "circular unity." Circular unity is an idea demonstrated by the harmonious interaction of the first six numbers. SIX is the first perfect number, being the sum of its first three digits, or 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
1 x 2 x 3 = 6; 62 = 36; 36 x 3 = 108; 362 =1296 x 2 = 2592.
The Precession of the Equinoxes was first noticed as a slow but steady slippage through the Zodiac of 1 degree every 72 years. A full cycle was a journey of Earth through all the signs of the Zodiac. The equinoxes move westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the motion of the Sun along the ecliptic.
To complete one cycle of the zodiac--a "Great" or Platonic Year--requires 25,920 years. Dividing this sum by 360 yields the number 432, the root of the mythological count of 432,000 years. However, it is not only mythological, or archetypal--it was discovered by centuries of controlled astronomical observation, even prior to written record-keeping.
Numerical Harmonics
Cosmology, horizon-based astronomy, astrology, architecture, navigation, geography, geometry, mathematics, timekeeping, writing, proportion in art, and musical notation were all related to numerical canon. The ancients encoded their knowledge of the world in their sacred monuments and texts as an esoteric code of numbers, formulas, and proportion.
There are cross-cultural links in units of measure related to sexagesimal fractions of meridian degree. All relate fractionally to the Sumerian cubit. Although no measuring devices survive from Sumeria, the varying values of the Sumerian cubit have been accurately established from the dimensions of buildings, the measurement of bricks, and from cuneiform tablets that record these dimensions.
The most widely acknowledged value of the cubit is taken from that of the half-cubit represented as a rule on the statue of Gudea from Lagash, and given as 248mm. The cubit usually divided sexagesimally into 30 fingers is at times divided into 24 fingers as in the rest of the ancient world. This 24th division of the Sumerian cubit is the Megalithic inch. Obviously this digit is the Sumerian value, 24 to that cubit, 25 to the royal Egyptian and 40 to the Megalithic yard. Units were kept standard in the dimensions of permanent stone monuments. (Neal, 2003)
“The sacred Jewish cubit, that of Moses and Ezekiel, expressed as "a cubit and a hands breadth" refers to the royal Egyptian as the basic cubit. Since a hands breadth is 5 digits, the implication is that 5 such hands comprise the royal Egyptian and 6 the sacred Jewish, this digit is therefore the Megalithic "inch": 15 to the "common" Greek foot, 24 to the Sumerian cubit, 25 to the royal Egyptian cubit, 30 to the sacred Jewish cubit and 40 to the Megalithic yard. There is little doubt that we are regarding a single organization of measurement in what has previously been viewed as quite separate systems.” (Neal)
Ancient religions had pronounced astrological elements, which have defined precessional ages from Taurus through Pisces, and the imminent age of Aquarius. Ancient state temples may have functioned as permanent repositories of standards of measures. Gods, (to whom the temples were dedicated) had characteristic numbers, from which they were indistinguishable.
The exemplar number, 108, is known as the number of the Universe. It also corresponds with the god Brahma, and the seed-syllable AUM or OM. Numbers expressed qualities, not just quantities. Prime numbers figure prominently in the measuring and numerical canons of ancient and modern times.
In the old beliefs, this code, (whose true source is lost in prehistoric antiquity), is always alleged to have a divine origin, from the gods or a god-like man. Lore relating to sacred words or phrases arose, because letters and numbers were interchangable or alphanumeric. The code arises naturally from the inherent structure of arithmetic. This golden code emphasized certain key numbers, which were seized upon by different cultures.
Ancient Metrics
Metrology was the basis for development of both philosophic and scientific attitudes. The divine order of the universe was the central idea of the ancient world, and all belief-systems were enmeshed with it. Metrology provided the foundation of the systematic rational vision of the world. Cosmic order embodied in metrology was the fundamental aspect of ancient thought. Number mysticism was the essential basis of most of their knowledge.
Of course, information about the Universe has always been there, but its availability is limited to those prepared to receive or decode it. Ancient cosmologies were not only models of the physical universe, but representations of a universal mathematical archetype. The numerical canon revealed correspondences between different orders of natural phenomena. Metrology included sacred units for measuring the Universe, units of time, space, weight, and mass (or volume).
Root Gauge
The ancient sacred units of measure come from the principle dimensions of the earth (geodesic or geodetic) and astronomical (or cosmological) constants, such as the Precession of the Equinoxes, and the orbital periods of the observable planets.
Land was measured in Mesopotamia and Egypt by the same “statute foot” we use today. The “geographic foot” is related to the length of a minute of arc at a latitude which corresponds to that found in lands such as northern Egypt. By definition, there are 6000 geographic feet in a nautical mile (one minute of latitude arc on the surface of the earth). 1/10 of a nautical mile is an ancient land measure called the "geographic stade"--600 geographic feet, or 606 (600 + 6) of our common feet. (Stecchini; Scherz)
Geography developed from metrology. Traders and navigators needed to calculate distances and time for travel. This link between measures of length and time united metrology and astronomy, and led to astronomical navigation. Ancient navigators used a sexigesimal method of dividing the horizon, using six (rather than four) cardinal directions.
Widening Gyre
Ancient linear measures expressed fractions of the earth's dimensions (polar diameter, circumference, radius, meridian circumference), generally in units of 12. Thus, we have 360 degrees of latitude, each of 60 minutes of 3600 seconds.
Cross-culturally, ancient units of measure relate proportionately to each other, because the old units (whether Mesopotamian, Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Chinese, etc.) represent fractions of the earth's dimensions. Russian archaeologist Bieliaev, points out that the same weights with the same subdivisions are found in early Rome and India of the third millennium B.C. He traced connecting links to Sumer and Egypt, and found the same units used in medieval Russia.
In ancient times, the Universe meant the observable Universe. For Pythagorean and Platonist thinkers, the patterns of numerical relationships which occur in the processes of arithmetic and geometry were considered the formative influences behind all of nature's phenomena. Numerical patterns were detected in the manifestations and dynamics of nature. Behind this is a philosophy of numbers which express universal relationships.
Although usually superceded by practical arithmetic, there is much to learn from the study of the relationship of number and form. The essence of all matter is dynamic relationships. Number is the 'first paradigm,' the basic ordering principle of nature.
Transient, Eternal or Cyclic?
Many so-called "key numbers of the Solar System" are involved, because key numbers have always stood out for their unique properties. The ancients discovered them through aeons of empirical observations of cosmic cycles. They were capable of observing long-term effects, (such as the precessional cycle), with horizon-based astronomy. Their observations of the divine order were central to the core of their civilizations.
Ancient metrology does provide a clue to what numbers might be interesting to investigate. Syndex II (Miller) follows the clues by using direct observation of natural number behavior displayed in a spiral, rather than interpretation of what is there to be seen. Certain numbers graphically call attention to themselves. It requires no ancient, alien, or mystical source, no occult doctrine or arcane secret, no ideology. It predicts no "end time." It is simply a graphically revealed "truth."
#108 as the Hindu number of the Universe is a circular totality which encodes the structure of Epochs or Divine Ages. Since the incremental 'numbers of the ages' are multiples of #108, when enspiralled along 108 axes, the characters 0 - 6480 all align along the zero/108 axis -- they naturally share the same neighborhood when displayed as "Mandalogs" or "Holotomes". (Miller & Marshall, Syndex I)By starting with 6 (the first perfect number) and multiplying by the primes in their natural order, we get the sequence 12, 24, 72, 360, 2520, 27720, 360360, 6126120, etc. Each of these numbers forms a geometrical entity, a circular unity, (Holotome). These numbers just happen to be the exact sequence of minimal sums that accomodate the maximal amount of factors of division. Their synergetic qualities have remained unnoticed in classical number theory.
The synchrographic structure of the two ancient Hindu modules of circular unity disclose that the Yugas fall into a perfect tertiary symmetry. The Ages assume a perfect quadric symmetry when spiralled along 108 axes of a number field, array, or matrix. The final number of this synchrograph is 6480. The number of zeros at the end of any astronomical Hindu number is nearly arbitrary. The glyph unifies the two ancient systems.
Sacred Measurement
In antiquity, knowledge of an alphanumerical canon spread throughout the Middle East, to Greece and India, back to the Moslem Empire, and from there into medieval Europe to catalyze the Renaissance. India raised mathematics to a high art with its most revered number 108, the number of OM and the Universe, the number of Brahma.
This number formed the basis of the Ages and Yugas, which are all multiples of this sacred numberword. Yugas include 432, 864, 1296, 1728 and add to 4320. Ages include 648, 1296, 1944, 2592 and add to 6480.
108 is itself 3 x 36--part of the Sumerian sar, 3600, also dubbed the number of the Universe, a unit of Divine Time, a year of the gods (3,600 earth-years). The number of zeros tacked on the end of these cosmological numbers is almost irrelevant, and merely emphasizes their vast importance.
Since 108 is 3 x 36 and both systems mutually include the square of 36 (1296), it becomes evident that the classic 360 degree circular unity is the common denominator of these separate systems (360 degrees of 60 minutes or 3600 seconds each).
According to Neugebauer (1952), "the division of the circumference of a circle into 360 parts originated in Babylonian astronomy of the last centuries B.C. The sexagesimal number system as such is many centuries older and has nothing to do with astronomical concepts."
However, in a far newer work, Sumerian scholar Zecharia Sitchen (1993) differs in opinion, attributing both mathematical astronomy and 360 circular unity to the Sumerians, based on his own cuneiform translations. He also refers to "the role that the key number 12 played in Sumerian science," and the "celestial 72," which comes from the precessional shift of 1 degree. He notes that 120 sars equals 432,000 earth-years. This is the number of the Great Yuga.
The key to Sumerian metrology is not as simple as the sexigesimal 6 x 60 = 360. Even in Sumeria, the sexigesimal system (60-division) was only applied in strictly mathematical and astronomical contexts. The sexagesimal numerical system had a decimal substratum (36 x 10 = 360). In other matters they used 24-division, 12-division, 10-division, and 2-division.
The real key involves the sequence in which prime numbers naturally occur in the baseten continuum. This is demonstated by multipling the third and fourth Holotomes together: 72 x 360 = 25920, a number given for the Precession of the Equinoxes in Sumerian cuneiform records. Clearly, this number relates directly to Yugas and Ages.
72 x 36 = 25920 divided by 2 = 12960;
divided by 3 = 8640
by 4 = 6480; by 6 = 4320
72 + 360 = 432
Contemplation of the numberwheel 108 discloses the complete menagery of "sacred numbers." 864 is 12 x 72, holotomes A and C; 1728 is 24 x 72, holotomes B and C.
Both systems share 362 = 1296.
Mathematical Wisdom
Contemplation of this number wheel discloses the complete menagery of "sacred numbers." The key numbers of ancient metrology and the Holotomic Sequence are found in positions of perfect symmetry (such as the quadratic array of the four-digit palindromic sequence: 1881, 2772, 3663, 4554) where only chaos exists in classical number theory. Nature's behaviors coincide with the most crucial divisions of the synergetic continuum of baseten number.
The main thread of the number concept in the crossroads cultures passed from Sumeria-Akkadia-Babylonia to Phoenicia to Hellenistic (and Hebrew), to Indian to Islamic to European cultures. Key numbers, cosmic cycles, and divine numbers permeate the number concepts of all these cultures. The Greeks and Hebrews had alphanumeric systems which developed into numerology and numberword mysticism.
Number mystics from the Pythagoreans onward considered number 'one' as the Infinite God, the First Cause, the One who transcends all multiplicity. To the Greeks, numbers were divine concepts, ideas in the mind the god who had fashioned the world. God was a great mathematician. In the Hebrew Qabala, the world is made with numbers and letters. In more accurate terms, the characters representing manifestation were alphanumeric.
The SEFIR YETZIRAH, the Book of Creation or Formation (300-600 AD) describes how God created the manifest universe by means of letters and numbers which are the foundation of all things. The letters are part of 'one body,' the alphabet which is an extension of God's own being. All created things, made by means of the letters, are also parts of the one body which is God.
True being for the Hebrew is the 'word,' dabhar, which comprises all Hebraic realities: word, deed, and concrete object. Non-being, nothing (no thing) is signified correspondingly by 'not word,' lo dabhar.
In European magical tradition, the most important of all alphanumeric alphabets is the Hebrew which had 22 letters, all of which were consonants. Vowels were inferred from context Contemplation (theory) and application (practice) is the mystical tradition of Qabala. In this alphabet there are no vowels (our a,e,i,o, and u) represented. The same is true of the older Phoenician (Canaanite) alphabet, from which our own alphabet is descended--by way of the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin alphabets.
All over the ancient orient, in Assyria and Babylonia, as well as Egypt, the word and particularly the word of God, was not only nor even primarily an expression of thought; it was a mighty and dynamic force. The Assyrians and Babylonians conceived of the divine word under the image of a physical-cosmic power.
In Egypt, the power of creating and sustaining everything was traced back to the divine word, the ever-active fluid or ethereal divine substance proceeding out of the mouth of divinity. For example, in Memphis, Ptah is the Creator of the world. The specific organ of creation is 'the mouth which named all things.'
There is an ancient code of numbers and proportion based on metrological standards of measure. Such constants as astronomical Precession, and geodetic measures such as polar diameter provided the basic context. Fractions of the earth's principle dimensions mirrored numerical patterns in the appearance and movement of nature.
These numbers are the vestiges of the Sumerian sexagesimal system and calendar. Earlier measures of astronomy, astrology, and cosmology were usually in units of 12, as were various ancient units of measurement of time.
Constants of Nature
Mankind counted days and the changing of the moon and seasons for millennia before recorded history. As early as 3760 BC, the Sumerians created a lunar calendar. By 2800 B.C., they had worked our a cycle of 19 years which kept it synchronized with the solar year and seasons. Certain years had 12 lunar months, while others had thirteen. This lunar calendar was adapted by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks and Jews. The Nippur calendar is still the basis of Jewish religious ceremonies. The Hebrew year in 2009 is 5769.
Sumerian astronomy included the concept of "deep time," as recounted in the Enuma Elish, the Epic of Creation. Ancient texts known as the Sumerian King Lists describe the settling of the divine Anunnaki on Earth before the deluge. They list the governorships of the first 10 leaders which lasted a total of 120 sars, or 432,000 Earth-years.
This is a direct source for divine eras in Hindu lore, but they expand the vastness to an overall time span of 4,320,000, and then to a Divine Year or Day of Lord Brahma--4,320,000,000--a thousandfold great yugas. The Sumerian formula is echoed in the Hindu traditions.
From Sumeria comes the ubiquitous concept of a sky divided into 360 degrees of Latitude, 60 minutes of 3600 seconds; 12 month years beginning on Spring Equinox; 12 hours of day and night (2x12=24); 12 signs of the Zodiac, etc.
Sumerian fractions were geared to the principle of repeated halving. Whole unit or natural fractions are important in arranging metrological units. The system based on 60 is evenly divisibly by 2,3,4,5,6,10,15, and 30 eliminating the frequent need of fractions. This naturally leads to grouping higher units in 12, 30, or 60. All these ratios occur in one or another of the parallel systems of units in Mesopotamian metrology. 4320 is one such number; so is 108000.
The Greek astronomers adopted this system, and so did their followers in India, the Islamic Empire, and Europe. Much of the mathematical knowledge commonly ascribed to the early Greek philosophers was already known to the Egyptians and Mesopotamians centuries before the rise of Greek civilization. However, the Greeks preserved and spread this knowledge. They were the first to consider mathematical concepts as abstractions not part of the real world, but of the idealized "sacred space" of the human mind.
There is some evidence of ancient India having direct contact with Sumeria around 2500 B.C. This is difficult to document, but not to deduce. However, nevertheless, Hindus contributed the final step to mathematical astronomy, namely, the use of the place value notation for the smaller decimal units. This is where we get our divisions of 60, 24, 12, and 2.
As we have shown elsewhere, these are closely allied to the HOLOTOMIC SEQUENCE: 12 - 24 - 72 - 360 - 2520, etc. These numbers are the vestiges of the Sumerian sexagesimal system and calendar rooted in Precession cycles and natural number dynamics.
REFERENCES
Berriman, A.E. (1953) Historical Metrology
Knorr, W. R. (1985), The geometer and the archaeoastronomers: on the prehistoric origins of mathematics. Review of: Geometry and algebra in ancient civilizations [Springer, Berlin, 1983; MR: 85b:01001] by B. L. van der Waerden. British J. Hist. Sci. 18 (1985), no. 59, part 2, 197--212. SC: 01A10, MR: 87k:01003.
Michell, J. (1981), Ancient Metrology,
Miller, Iona and Robert Marshall (1998), SYNDEX II, A synergetic revisioning of number dynamics in light of ancient metrology and modern cosmography www.geocities.com/numeronom...dexii.html
Scherz, Old World Units of Measure Found in the Layout Geometry of Prehistoric Earthworks at Newark, Ohio By Dr James P Scherz www.midwesternepigraphic.org/scherz.html
Sitchen, Zecharia (1997), When Time Began, Avon; New York.
THE AURIC KEY: SYNDEX I and SYNDEX II by Iona Miller and Robert "Bob" Marshall Syndex I & II are about the spiritual and universal beauty of numbers. They reflect the order and beauty of nature, but also of psyche. According to Jung, number unifies the physical and psychic (as in "realm of the psyche", not fortunetelling) worlds through synchronicity. Jung's basic ideas about the unity of knowledge and existence are in principle synonymous with the Platonic tradition, alchemy, Qabala and Gnosticism. Plato treated the end product of the evolution of mathematical concepts, (a fixed system of idealized objects), as an independent beginning point of the evolution of the "world of things." This concrete form of philosophy was determined by the nature of Greek mathematics. These philosophies seek to reconcile the actual condition with a hypothetical distant ideal, which expansively incorporates both personal and universal dimensions. It is an inward-oriented epistemology. By intuitive perception we can consciously reiterate the laws of Nature and mind which are equivalent to the archetypes themselves. Belief in the essential aspect of the mathematical as a real world, a "last reality" underlies the surprising efficiency of mathematics in the natural sciences and technology.
But are numbers really abstract entities existing independently of the human mind? What is the nature of mathematical truth, and how is it translated into mathematical knowledge? If it exists in another "ideal world", how can we know anything at all about the subject-matter of mathematics? What collective criteria determines the nature, terms and rules of this world?
In the Jungian view, numbers (like other archetypes of the collective unconscious) are contents and patterns of behavior which are not personally acquired in experience but are inborn. The Platonic Forms are the objects of knowledge, which is regarded as innate. They can emerge dynamically as well as imagistically. The essential nature of the Forms is dual: unity and multiplicity, finitude and infinitude. "The One" is the origin of Forms in the same way that the psyche is the origin of the archetypes.
Because they form a primary conceptual language, numbers have heavily influenced the development of culture, philosophy and myth as well as sciences such as cosmology. 'Number is All' was the Pythagorean motto. Numbers were symbols representing cosmic principles. The whole philosophy of numbers came from distinctions created by the primordial division of the One into multiplicity. Because of their archetypal essence, their mode of articulation is essentially mythic and radically symbolic.
Mathematics, by the very nature of its method, is an essentially Platonic pursuit. Mathematicians treat the objects of their investigations as real objects in a hypostasized space, as if they existed independently in some pure world of their own. Thus, they reason that the amount of prime numbers is "infinite." Discussing the amount of prime numbers, mathematicians believe that they are discussing objects as real as collections of things in their everyday life.
We use numbers casually and rigorously as a language to order space. Since ancient times, their archetypal dynamics have been the foundation of philosophy, religious, and artistic thought. Patterns of dynamic energy in numbers reflect patterns of nature--the order of the universe. Whether they actually form the basis of the universe is the subject of ongoing debate among many schools of mathematicians. The qualitative distinctions we make between phenomena are fundamentally numerical. We still don't know why the universe appears to follow mathematical laws. However, as Hilbert has suggested, we do know that the idea of the Infinite deviates significantly from the situation in the physical Universe.
Are numbers and functions the inventions of mathematicians, or do they exist independently of us? Just because a mathematical object can possibly exist doesn't mean it actually does exist. Yet, mathematicians imagine they are talking about real objects, when they may be talking about stabilized concepts. The new direction in the philosophy of mathematics is a "quasi-empirical approach that treats mathematics as just another messy experimental science." A partially unconscious process of idealization ends in the stable concept of numbers, points, lines, spheres.
When working in geometry, a mathematician does not investigate the relations of real things. He investigates some idealized, fixed notion of these relations. This notion is subjectively treated as "reality" without any fundamental reality behind it. It can, therefore, arguably be considered art as well as science. In practice, mathematicians jump to conclusions, and after the jump has been made begin the labor of proving the theorem or constructing a coherent theory. This involves subconscious reasoning, tenacity, focus, judgement, concentration, elementary intuition, free association, and conceptual visualization.
Some say mathematics is a purely human construct, an artifact of our nervous systems and culture. Others attest that even chimps and infants are hard-wired by evolution for arithmetic to deal with real objects in the real world. Numbers are not Platonic ideals but neurological creations. Integers, like colors, are artifacts of our sensory processing mechanisms.
Dehaene traces the arithmetical model to the inferior parietal cortex. This poorly understood location is where visual, auditory, tactile signals, and language processing converge. Mathematics, or at least mathematical notation, is another human languge. It also appears to be the language of nature, and therefore physical reality. Of the infinite range of mathematical creations, scientists keep those that help explain and predict reality.
The concept of natural numbers is a fixed model, an idealization of quantitative relations which ends in stable concepts of numbers. The dynamics of those numbers are described in number theory. Number theory, one of the oldest branches of pure mathematics, concerns elementary properties of primes, divisibility among integers, the existence of greatest common divisors, the study of specific families of numbers, simple recurrent relations, factorization, and more. Syndex addresses these aspects with easy to state conjectures which can be understood and observed in graphics without any particular mathematical training.
Mathematical Platonism concerns the investigation of fixed or self-contained models. The Platonic Idea or Form is essentially an unchangeable form. As symbols, numbers express the particular in the universal, the eternal in the finite. They express the ordering function of their archetypal nature. The Neoplatonists assumed an a priori structure of knowledge grounded in archetypal forms and directed toward a unification of the ultimate principle of "the One" with the diverse phenomena of "the Many." This could also apply to the number field.
We contend that the Holotomes are such self-contained models of holistic, self-reflective, finite portions of the number continuum. Holotomes are geometrically symmetrical, modular unities, based on the minimal numbers divisible by the the maximal factors of division. Each holotome adds an additional factor of divisibility to its circular unity. All base digits are captured by the number 2520.
Ancient astronomers saw symbols in the stars; the circle, triangle, square, parallelogram. The Spring constellation of Taurus, the Bull, ushered in the Blazing Star of Sirius, the three kinds of Orion, the Five Hyades and the seven Pleiades, signifying the mystic numbers 1, 3, 5, 7. The Nile began to rise in the springtime; Osiris returned with Taurus at the Vernal Equinox to regenerate the world, after being slain by Python, six months before, in the constellation Scorpio,
which is opposite Taurus in the sky.
which is opposite Taurus in the sky.
The Zodiac
It
seems we can thank the ancient Sumerians for our constellations and
the zodiac. Hugh Thurston described three scientific methods by which
the date and latitude at which the original 48 constellations were
established can be determined, in a book, 'Early Astronomy' (New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1994) p. 135-137. All three methods indicate,
independently, that the heavens were divided up into constellations by a
people who lived at a latitude of 36 degrees roughly 5000 years ago.
This is summarized in an article by John P. Pratt, 'Scientifically
Dating the Constellations':
http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/constellations_date.html
The most compelling of the three arguments concerns an "empty" part of the sky in the southern hemisphere which is devoid of any of the original 48 constellations.
The Empty Part of the sky. There is a circle of about 36° radius in the southern part of the sky which does not contain any of the original 48 constellations. That implies that the originators of the constellations lived at about 36° north latitude because at that location, exactly such an area of southern sky would be invisible to them. Moreover, the center of that circle moves very slowly through the sky because of the motion of the earth's axis. The location of the center of the empty part of the sky implies an origin date of about 2900 B.C.
As Pratt points out, 36° is too far north to have been Egypt, and too far south to indicate the Greeks. It is exactly the latitude of Sumer. Sumer is widely thought to have been one of, if not the, earliest civilizations and the Babylonians inherited much of their science from the Sumerians.
When the ancient Sumerian astronomers looked at the center of the northern night sky, they saw what they decided was a mythical serpent, a dragon, around which the other constellations appeared to revolve. This is the constellation 'Draco'.
The incredible thing about Draco is that it doesn't appear quite at what would have been the northernmost point in the sky at the time the Sumerian culture was thriving. It lies at true theoretical north, within a circle traced by the earth's axis over thousands of years as it slowly wobbles.
The North Star is presently Polaris, but a few thousand years ago it was Thuban. It will change again as the earth's axis slowly continues to shift. This wobbling of the earth causes what is known as the 'precession of the ages', from the age of Taurus when the Sumerians, Akkadians and Egyptians thrived, to the biblical age of Aries, to Pieces (the age we are in now), and next to the age of Aquarius, which we will enter around the year 2150. Draco the dragon creates an 'S' shape within a circle traced by earth's axis as it precedes through the zodiac, the entire cycle of which takes around 26,000 years. Incredibly, the ancient Sumerians apparently understood all of this. What evolved in Sumer that was so successful and became so ubiquitous was a hierarchical (pyramid-shaped) societal structure whereby a small group of elite priests and kings ruled over the rest of the populace. These ruling priest-kings claimed to descend from the gods and they propagated myths to support their claim, thereby insuring for themselves and their progeny a secure place at the top of society.
Just as the dragon ruled the heavens, these priest-kings adopted the dragon as a mark of their own royal status. This concept, along with other hallmarks of Sumerian culture, notably the idea of an elite embued with a divine right to rule, spread - to the Indus Valley and from there to China, to Egypt and to the Levant (modern Israel-Lebanon-Syria) and northern Mesopotamia, to places as far flung as Ireland (although Michael Tsarion apparently believes that the Sumerians inherited their dragon-culture from the Irish), and eventually to Anatolia (modern Turkey), Thrace, Greece, and the Black Sea region.
One major branch on this tree appears to have migrated northwest from the Black Sea into Germania and Scandinavia giving us such conquering tribes as the Franks and the Vikings, while another group went east as far as Mongolia (where they were known as the Xiongnu) before turning back and pushing west into Europe as the Huns. A third branch on this tree appears to have spread from Egypt to Greece and to the Levant, a sub-branch of which being the Israelites. There is plentiful evidence for all this, the clues are strewn about in all sorts of literature, myths, artifact finds and even in names printed on old maps.
Dragon statue on Fleet Street One of the of the most discernable of these clues is the dragon itself. The Vikings decorated the bows of their ships with dragons. In Norse mythology Sigund gains knowlege from eating the heart of a dragon. While the plundering Huns left little evidence of their culture behind, the Xiongnu who appeared along their anscestral line venerated the dragon and a powerful family among them were the Liu, a number of whom show up early in the available genealogy charts of Hunnic kings. The name Liu meant dragon in the Xiongnu tongue. Sigismund, a Holy Roman Emperor and long reigning king of Hungary had his own Order of the Dragon for his most venerated knights, and many European family coats of arms display dragons or griffins.
Dragons fill the Greek myths as well as many Medieval legends, as do sea-serpents and mermaids which are simply a variant on this same theme. Clovis, the first king of the Merovingian Franks (the subject of 'The D'aVinci Code') claimed descent from a sea-monster. One of the primary gods in the pantheons of the Amorites and other early pagan civilizations which thrived around Ugarit and Phoenicia thousands of years ago was 'Dagon'. The Egyptians meanwhile annointed their Pharoahs with the oil of a holy crocodile called the 'messeh', which is probably where our word messiah comes from.
In Asia, the dragon was long the symbol of the Chinese emperial throne, and the mausoleam in Nikko of Tokugawa Ieyasu who united Japan is awash in dragon images. The red cross featured on the Templar banner and the flag of England is named for St. George the dragon-slayer, the current British Pound coin displays a dragon, and in London's financial center, smack dab in the middle of Fleet Street near the Crown Temple Church (built by the Templar knights) stands a large statue of a dragon. Dragons are, if you care to look, literally everywhere.
http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/constellations_date.html
The most compelling of the three arguments concerns an "empty" part of the sky in the southern hemisphere which is devoid of any of the original 48 constellations.
The Empty Part of the sky. There is a circle of about 36° radius in the southern part of the sky which does not contain any of the original 48 constellations. That implies that the originators of the constellations lived at about 36° north latitude because at that location, exactly such an area of southern sky would be invisible to them. Moreover, the center of that circle moves very slowly through the sky because of the motion of the earth's axis. The location of the center of the empty part of the sky implies an origin date of about 2900 B.C.
As Pratt points out, 36° is too far north to have been Egypt, and too far south to indicate the Greeks. It is exactly the latitude of Sumer. Sumer is widely thought to have been one of, if not the, earliest civilizations and the Babylonians inherited much of their science from the Sumerians.
When the ancient Sumerian astronomers looked at the center of the northern night sky, they saw what they decided was a mythical serpent, a dragon, around which the other constellations appeared to revolve. This is the constellation 'Draco'.
The incredible thing about Draco is that it doesn't appear quite at what would have been the northernmost point in the sky at the time the Sumerian culture was thriving. It lies at true theoretical north, within a circle traced by the earth's axis over thousands of years as it slowly wobbles.
The North Star is presently Polaris, but a few thousand years ago it was Thuban. It will change again as the earth's axis slowly continues to shift. This wobbling of the earth causes what is known as the 'precession of the ages', from the age of Taurus when the Sumerians, Akkadians and Egyptians thrived, to the biblical age of Aries, to Pieces (the age we are in now), and next to the age of Aquarius, which we will enter around the year 2150. Draco the dragon creates an 'S' shape within a circle traced by earth's axis as it precedes through the zodiac, the entire cycle of which takes around 26,000 years. Incredibly, the ancient Sumerians apparently understood all of this. What evolved in Sumer that was so successful and became so ubiquitous was a hierarchical (pyramid-shaped) societal structure whereby a small group of elite priests and kings ruled over the rest of the populace. These ruling priest-kings claimed to descend from the gods and they propagated myths to support their claim, thereby insuring for themselves and their progeny a secure place at the top of society.
Just as the dragon ruled the heavens, these priest-kings adopted the dragon as a mark of their own royal status. This concept, along with other hallmarks of Sumerian culture, notably the idea of an elite embued with a divine right to rule, spread - to the Indus Valley and from there to China, to Egypt and to the Levant (modern Israel-Lebanon-Syria) and northern Mesopotamia, to places as far flung as Ireland (although Michael Tsarion apparently believes that the Sumerians inherited their dragon-culture from the Irish), and eventually to Anatolia (modern Turkey), Thrace, Greece, and the Black Sea region.
One major branch on this tree appears to have migrated northwest from the Black Sea into Germania and Scandinavia giving us such conquering tribes as the Franks and the Vikings, while another group went east as far as Mongolia (where they were known as the Xiongnu) before turning back and pushing west into Europe as the Huns. A third branch on this tree appears to have spread from Egypt to Greece and to the Levant, a sub-branch of which being the Israelites. There is plentiful evidence for all this, the clues are strewn about in all sorts of literature, myths, artifact finds and even in names printed on old maps.
Dragon statue on Fleet Street One of the of the most discernable of these clues is the dragon itself. The Vikings decorated the bows of their ships with dragons. In Norse mythology Sigund gains knowlege from eating the heart of a dragon. While the plundering Huns left little evidence of their culture behind, the Xiongnu who appeared along their anscestral line venerated the dragon and a powerful family among them were the Liu, a number of whom show up early in the available genealogy charts of Hunnic kings. The name Liu meant dragon in the Xiongnu tongue. Sigismund, a Holy Roman Emperor and long reigning king of Hungary had his own Order of the Dragon for his most venerated knights, and many European family coats of arms display dragons or griffins.
Dragons fill the Greek myths as well as many Medieval legends, as do sea-serpents and mermaids which are simply a variant on this same theme. Clovis, the first king of the Merovingian Franks (the subject of 'The D'aVinci Code') claimed descent from a sea-monster. One of the primary gods in the pantheons of the Amorites and other early pagan civilizations which thrived around Ugarit and Phoenicia thousands of years ago was 'Dagon'. The Egyptians meanwhile annointed their Pharoahs with the oil of a holy crocodile called the 'messeh', which is probably where our word messiah comes from.
In Asia, the dragon was long the symbol of the Chinese emperial throne, and the mausoleam in Nikko of Tokugawa Ieyasu who united Japan is awash in dragon images. The red cross featured on the Templar banner and the flag of England is named for St. George the dragon-slayer, the current British Pound coin displays a dragon, and in London's financial center, smack dab in the middle of Fleet Street near the Crown Temple Church (built by the Templar knights) stands a large statue of a dragon. Dragons are, if you care to look, literally everywhere.
Circumpunct: Magic Circle / Solar Circle
"The orbit (magic circle) which thou seest on the preceding page will serve thee as a model to make others which shall be nine cubits in diameter. Thou shalt use these to perform marvels, a priviledge which thy predecessors Beros and Sanchoniaton did not have. I give thee at the same time the intelligence of the characters in which is written my revelation so that thou mayest make use of them for three purposes: to find things lost in the seas since the upsetting of the globe (the Deluge); to discover mines of diamonds, gold and silver in the heart of the earth; to preserve the health and prolong the life to a century or over with the freshness of fifty years and the strength of that age." --St. Germain's Triangular Book
The core of the figure is the Solar Cross, encoding the Precession Great Cycle...a time of maximal magical leverage for rituals of solar/galactic alignment. The 2 crosses align in 2012. The head is Kether, the solar heart Tiphareth. This is reiterated by the Sagittarian arrow of Art path pointing to the Zero Point of galactic alignment which occurs at the ecliptic with Sag pointing its position. Naturally, much more could be said energetic Light Body.
"In the idiom of symbology, there was one symbol that reigned supreme above all others. The oldest and most universal, this symbol fused all the ancient traditions in a single solitary image that represented the illumination of the Egyptian sun god, the triumph of alchemical gold, the wisdom of the Philosopher's Stone, the purity of the Rosicrucian Rose, the moment of Creation, the All, the dominance of the astrological sun, and even the ominscient all-seeing eye that hovered atop the unfinished pyramid. The circumpunct. The symbol of the Source. The origin of all things."
It is true that the circumpunct symbol has been around for millennia, albeit more often known as "the circle with the dot in the middle". It is commonly used as a solar symbol and reputable sources date this to ancient Egypt, where the symbol has its origins in Ra (or Re), god of the midday sun. In fact, the circle with a midpoint, plus a vertical line is the hieroglyph meaning "sun".
So how did an Egyptian symbol rise to shine again as a token of the ancient mysteries among 21st-century Freemasons in Brown's novel? Langdon's exposition is as follows: "The pyramid builders of Egypt are the forerunners of the modern stonemasons, and the pyramid, along with Egyptian themes, is very common in Masonic symbolism." Very neat. Well done, Brown.
one of the most famous images supposedly deriving from the circumpunct – the all-seeing eye
This simple symbol has many meanings, often spiritual. The Stanford Solar Center says the circle with a point is the common astrological and now astronomical symbol for the Sun, as well as the ancient alchemical symbol for gold, the perfect metal. This is because the sphere is a perfect shape, representing wholeness, oneness, unity and spirituality.
In her bookLife Symbols as Related to Sex Symbolism, Elizabeth E. Goldsmith writes that the dot within the circle dates to ancient times and may have typified the seed within the egg. "This is the 'Orphic egg', a symbol of the universe whose yolk in the middle of a liquid surrounded an encompassing vault, represented the globe of the sun floating in ether and surrounded by the vault of heaven," she writes. How apt then that Ra – worshipped as the great father who created gods and men – should be represented by this symbol.
In Hinduism the midpoint in the circle is called a "bindu" – meaning point or dot – and it's said to signify the spark of male life, the point at which creation begins within the cosmic womb and one becomes many. According to the book Yantra: The Tantric Symbol Of Cosmic Unity, the bindu is the "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state".
The circumpunct is indeed profound with its meaning ranging from an explanation of deity, to an explanation of the self. These two points in addition to its ancient meaning of the sun earn the circumpunct the rank of most symbolic of all symbols.
Immortality in Ancient Egypt
Representing eternal life, one of the most famous and commonly used Egyptian symbols is the ankh, a cross shaped symbol with a loop at the top – one of its other names is crux ansata, Latin for ‘cross with a handle’. It is also known as the 'key of life' or the 'key of the Nile'. The ankh features in hieroglyphic text and iconographic art all over ancient Egypt with the gods often carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. Many Egyptians carried an ankh as an amulet.
Its origins are much debated; Alan Gardiner, who has written extensively on hieroglyphs, suggested it came from the part of a sandal strap called ‘nkh’, but it’s not sure if this name was applied retrospectively because of the similarity in shape. Others have put forward ideas relating to male and female reproductive parts, while some think it represents the sun on the horizon, with the path of the sun before it.
A similar symbol, but with the top loop shaded in has been found in Peru. Used by the Mochica culture circa seventh century AD, the discovery of this symbol is one of the many reasons which have led scholars to believe there was more contact between Mediterranean and pre-Columbian cultures than previously thought.
COMETS & CATASTROPHE
Clube and Napier: Coherent Catastrophism In 1982, two British astronomers, S. V. M (Victor) Clube and William Napier, published a book entitled The Cosmic Serpent. Clube and Napier suggested that the outer planets occasionally divert giant comets (more than 50 kilometers in diameter) into the inner solar system into short-period orbits. Debris from the resultant disintegration of these giant comets can adversely affect the environment of the Earth. Dusting can block sunlight, resulting in globally cooler conditions. Impact events in the super-Tunguska class may result in not only heavy localized destruction but also the occasional "impact winter" or dust veil with global climatological effects.
Clube and Napier identified the progenitor of the Taurid complex as such a giant comet whose injection into a short-period (about 3.3 year) orbit occurred sometime in the last twenty to thirty thousand years. The Taurid complex currently includes the Taurid meteor atream, Comet Encke (the only known currently active comet in the Taurid complex), "asteroids" such as 2101 Adonis and 2201 Oljato, and copious amounts of dust. All ten of the numbered asteroids in the Taurid complex appear to have associated meteor showers and therefore are likely to be extinct comets masquerading as asteroids.
The effects of the disintegration of the Taurid progenitor object in an Earth-crossing orbit should appear in the geological and climatological record. Clube and Napier marshalled evidence for such effects in "The Cosmic Serpent" as well as their later book Cosmic Winter published in 1990. Clube and Napier, following in the footsteps of earlier catastrophists, also sought evidence of catastrophic events in ancient mythology and history. These authors have also written papers in standard peer-reviewed journals about the role giant comets play in constructing a tenable physical theory of coherent catastrophism.
The giant comets normally reside far beyond the planets, in a spherical cloud surrounding the Sun, called the Oort cloud. There is also evidence for a flattened disk of comets closer to the inner solar system, called the Edgeworth/Kuiper belt. What prompts members of either of these comet repositories to enter the realm of the planets? Clube and Napier suggest a galactic influence. The solar system periodically passes through the plane of the galaxy as the Sun (and the solar system with it) orbits the galactic center. Each passage may dislodge giant comets and divert them closer to the Sun. The outer planets, particularly Jupiter, may then perturb some of these giant comets into orbits which enter the inner solar system. These comets, stressed both by gravity and by heat from the sun, may fragment into a cloud of smaller objects with dynamically similar orbits.
Chiron offers a good example of a giant comet as called for by Clube and Napier's giant comet hypothesis. Chiron is somewhere between 148 and 208 kilometers in diameter. Currently Chiron's unstable "parking orbit" lies mostly between Saturn and Uranus. Chiron may end up injected into the inner solar system within a hundred thousand years, or ejected from the solar system on a similar time scale. It is also possible that Chiron has already visited the inner solar system.
The Taurid complex and the Kreutz sungrazer group are two families of objects which most likely represent the fragmented remains of two giant comets in the current era. SOHO has recently discovered many new members of the Kreutz group which were previously unknown.
The Kreutz progenitor was injected into a retrograde orbit and attained the sungrazing state at a high inclination to the ecliptic. Hence the debris of its "children" does not pose a threat to the Earth. The Taurid progenitor on the other hand ended up in a short-period low-inclination prograde orbit. This is why the Earth can encounter its debris with potentially calamitous results.
What would happen should the Earth pass through the orbit of a disintegrating giant comet just before or after the comet passes that same point? Since larger fragments tend to cluster close to the nucleus of the comet, chances would increase that the Earth would be bombarded by these larger fragments. The severity of this comet fragment shower would far exceed any ordinary meteor shower. Not only would "shooting stars" and bright fireballs caused by small debris appear, but so too would large airbursts and possibly ground impacts. These would result in significant destruction should they occur over an inhabited area. If a large enough fragment struck in the ocean -- say, 200 meters or so in diameter -- it would raise tsunamis even at a great distance that would sweep away coastal habitations.
Duncan Steel, a colleague of Clube and Napier, refers to this process as coherent catastrophism. Widespread destruction derives from the coherent arrival of many impactors within a few days, as opposed to the sporadic arrival of objects spread randomly in space. The shower repeats for a period of years until the cometary orbit precesses so that the Earth no longer encounters the dense part of the debris field. (Of course, sporadic debris unrelated to the disintegrating comet may impact at any time as well.)
I believe that coherent catastrophism, as enunciated by Clube, Napier, Steel, and their colleagues, provides the best physical model for recent astronomical catastrophes, although I do not necessarily agree with all of their historical ideas.
For a contrary viewpoint you should read Is The Sky Falling? by David Morrison which appeared in Skeptical Inquirer magazine which admirably summarizes the majority view on the impact hazard. The article also provides reviews of books on the impact hazard published in the 1990s. A preliminary version of a review of Duncan Steel's book by Clark Chapman also offers useful criticisms of the coherent catastrophist viewpoint. The final version appeared in the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v.31 (1996), pp. 313-314. Morrison and Chapman strongly disagree with the Clube/Napier/Asher/Steel idea of coherent catastrophism.
A common criticism levelled against Clube et al's giant comet hypothesis is that it uses a "Velikovskian" approach to mythological and historical evidence as a primary basis. It does not. Even should every single one of the mythological interpretations offered by Clube and Napier in The Cosmic Serpent or Cosmic Winter prove to be incorrect, this says nothing whatever about the correctness of the giant comet hypothesis and coherent catastrophism. The correctness of these depends solely on physical evidence. Mythological evidence might at best be supporting evidence. The same cannot be said of many other versions of non-orthodox catastrophism, e.g., Velikovsky's, which seek to rewrite physics and astronomy based upon ancient myths.
Clube and Napier identified the progenitor of the Taurid complex as such a giant comet whose injection into a short-period (about 3.3 year) orbit occurred sometime in the last twenty to thirty thousand years. The Taurid complex currently includes the Taurid meteor atream, Comet Encke (the only known currently active comet in the Taurid complex), "asteroids" such as 2101 Adonis and 2201 Oljato, and copious amounts of dust. All ten of the numbered asteroids in the Taurid complex appear to have associated meteor showers and therefore are likely to be extinct comets masquerading as asteroids.
The effects of the disintegration of the Taurid progenitor object in an Earth-crossing orbit should appear in the geological and climatological record. Clube and Napier marshalled evidence for such effects in "The Cosmic Serpent" as well as their later book Cosmic Winter published in 1990. Clube and Napier, following in the footsteps of earlier catastrophists, also sought evidence of catastrophic events in ancient mythology and history. These authors have also written papers in standard peer-reviewed journals about the role giant comets play in constructing a tenable physical theory of coherent catastrophism.
The giant comets normally reside far beyond the planets, in a spherical cloud surrounding the Sun, called the Oort cloud. There is also evidence for a flattened disk of comets closer to the inner solar system, called the Edgeworth/Kuiper belt. What prompts members of either of these comet repositories to enter the realm of the planets? Clube and Napier suggest a galactic influence. The solar system periodically passes through the plane of the galaxy as the Sun (and the solar system with it) orbits the galactic center. Each passage may dislodge giant comets and divert them closer to the Sun. The outer planets, particularly Jupiter, may then perturb some of these giant comets into orbits which enter the inner solar system. These comets, stressed both by gravity and by heat from the sun, may fragment into a cloud of smaller objects with dynamically similar orbits.
Chiron offers a good example of a giant comet as called for by Clube and Napier's giant comet hypothesis. Chiron is somewhere between 148 and 208 kilometers in diameter. Currently Chiron's unstable "parking orbit" lies mostly between Saturn and Uranus. Chiron may end up injected into the inner solar system within a hundred thousand years, or ejected from the solar system on a similar time scale. It is also possible that Chiron has already visited the inner solar system.
The Taurid complex and the Kreutz sungrazer group are two families of objects which most likely represent the fragmented remains of two giant comets in the current era. SOHO has recently discovered many new members of the Kreutz group which were previously unknown.
The Kreutz progenitor was injected into a retrograde orbit and attained the sungrazing state at a high inclination to the ecliptic. Hence the debris of its "children" does not pose a threat to the Earth. The Taurid progenitor on the other hand ended up in a short-period low-inclination prograde orbit. This is why the Earth can encounter its debris with potentially calamitous results.
What would happen should the Earth pass through the orbit of a disintegrating giant comet just before or after the comet passes that same point? Since larger fragments tend to cluster close to the nucleus of the comet, chances would increase that the Earth would be bombarded by these larger fragments. The severity of this comet fragment shower would far exceed any ordinary meteor shower. Not only would "shooting stars" and bright fireballs caused by small debris appear, but so too would large airbursts and possibly ground impacts. These would result in significant destruction should they occur over an inhabited area. If a large enough fragment struck in the ocean -- say, 200 meters or so in diameter -- it would raise tsunamis even at a great distance that would sweep away coastal habitations.
Duncan Steel, a colleague of Clube and Napier, refers to this process as coherent catastrophism. Widespread destruction derives from the coherent arrival of many impactors within a few days, as opposed to the sporadic arrival of objects spread randomly in space. The shower repeats for a period of years until the cometary orbit precesses so that the Earth no longer encounters the dense part of the debris field. (Of course, sporadic debris unrelated to the disintegrating comet may impact at any time as well.)
I believe that coherent catastrophism, as enunciated by Clube, Napier, Steel, and their colleagues, provides the best physical model for recent astronomical catastrophes, although I do not necessarily agree with all of their historical ideas.
For a contrary viewpoint you should read Is The Sky Falling? by David Morrison which appeared in Skeptical Inquirer magazine which admirably summarizes the majority view on the impact hazard. The article also provides reviews of books on the impact hazard published in the 1990s. A preliminary version of a review of Duncan Steel's book by Clark Chapman also offers useful criticisms of the coherent catastrophist viewpoint. The final version appeared in the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v.31 (1996), pp. 313-314. Morrison and Chapman strongly disagree with the Clube/Napier/Asher/Steel idea of coherent catastrophism.
A common criticism levelled against Clube et al's giant comet hypothesis is that it uses a "Velikovskian" approach to mythological and historical evidence as a primary basis. It does not. Even should every single one of the mythological interpretations offered by Clube and Napier in The Cosmic Serpent or Cosmic Winter prove to be incorrect, this says nothing whatever about the correctness of the giant comet hypothesis and coherent catastrophism. The correctness of these depends solely on physical evidence. Mythological evidence might at best be supporting evidence. The same cannot be said of many other versions of non-orthodox catastrophism, e.g., Velikovsky's, which seek to rewrite physics and astronomy based upon ancient myths.
- Bob Kobres's Web Site offers this independent researcher's views on coherent catastrophism. He likes Clube and Napier's ideas. You can find his papers on the role of comets in the Bronze age collapse and on Comet Phaeton's Ride, among other interesting things.
- Cambridge Conference Correspondence Menu provides archived messages from this mailing list run by Benny J. Peiser of Liverpool John Moores University. The Cambridge list offers a venue for announcements about current topics and research into near-Earth objects and historical catastrophism.
- Tony Smith discusses the Taurid complex, possible timing relationships between Supernovae and comets, and more on his Comets web page. Hale-Bopp was a relatively large comet of twenty-five miles diameter. This is not as large as the purported Taurid progenitor, or comet Sarabat, which reached a magnitude of -3.0 and was visible for over six months in 1729 A.D. Sarabat is estimated to have been 50 km to 100 km in diameter. See my astronomy pages for more links to sites about Hale-Bopp and other comets.
- The Second SIS Cambridge Conference entitled Natural Catastrophes during Bronze Age Civilizations: Archaeological, Geological, and Astronomical Perspectives (sponsored by the Society for Interdisciplinary Studies) was held at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, UK, July 11-13, 1997. This conference brought together "historians, archaeologists, climatologists and astronomers in order to discuss whether the 'giant comet' hypothesis brought forward by neo-catastrophist astronomers such as Victor Clube, Bill Napier, Sir Fred Hoyle, David Asher, Mark Bailey, Duncan Steel et al. can be substantiated by the archaeological, climatological and historical record." Includes abstracts of the presentations. See Mark Bailey's review of the conference for more details.
- Second SIS Cambridge Conference offers comments by Mark E. Bailey originally published in the November 1997 issue of Meteorite! magazine.
- The Dark Ages: Were They Darker Than We Imagined? by Greg Bryant originally appeared in UNIVERSE - Journal of The Astronomical Society of New South Wales Inc.. Bryant reviews the possible relationship between major accretion events from the Taurid complex and the AD 536 onset of the Dark Ages.
- The Fundamental Role of Giant Comets in Earth History is a paper by Victor Clube on the role played by disintegrating giant comets on Earth history.
- The Third Millennium BC (3100-2100 BC): asteroid/comet impacts, meteor showers, floods, drop of temperature, drying around the Mediterranean? Why did the first great civilisations collapse suddenly and at the same time around 2200 BC?. What happened in 3114BC? The turning-point in human history about 3100 BC: The Beginning of the First Great Civilizations.
by Timo Niroma discusses the potential role of astronomical catastrophes on civilization between 3100 and 2100 B.C.
Astronomers suggest a series of cosmic disasters shaped Earth in prehistoric times. This threatening sky also shaped cultures and religions. A ‘giant comet’ theory, is now backed by climatological and archaeological evidence. Geomythology is the name of the discipline that mines ancient mythologies for evidence of physical events. Ancient man witnessed cataclysms, including Proto-Encke events, and created theories of the beginning of the world and the origins of life. The most literary of these were the Sumerians and Egyptians. No surprisingly, they were sky-watchers, religiously obsessed with heavenly events.
In 1940, Harvard Astronomer F.L. Whipple identified Encke as a remnant of a large mother comet that broke apart as long ago as 80,000 years, creating the still-active Taurid meteor showers. In 1999 a mighty Beta-Taurid meteor shook the New Zealand landscape and was described as bright as the sun. The previous year a dazzling orange bolide fell in Turkmenistan with smaller meteorites reported in Nashville, Tennessee and in New Mexico.
Coinciding with the Vela X supernova, astronomers date a massive break up of Encke to about 12,000 years ago, with secondary break ups 4,500 and 1,500 years ago. Earth passes through this dense comet debris field roughly every 3000 years. Is this doomsday comet the root of the word “disaster,” literally, ‘dis’ (evil) and ‘aster’ (star) – a malevolent celestial force? Unlike meteorites, comets can be viewed long before inflicting catastrophe and cataclysm.
The Sumerians told of vast wars in the sky between the mother comet they called Tiamat, and other gods, such as the water god Enki. Is it just one of those weird synchronicities that the comet named for it discoverer, Johann Franz Encke, echoes the ancient god names?
As early as 5000 years ago it began raining a barrage of material on Earth. The mysterious 1908 Tunguska explosion has also been linked to the peak of the Beta Taurid meteor shower and provided a warning of the power of such disasters. Linked to destruction in the Fertile Crescent, Encke made its first historical close pass in 3100 B.C.
Lake Umm al Binni, near the confluence of the Tigris-Euphrates in Southern Iraq, is a suspected 3000-5000 year old bolide meteorite crater from the late Holocene Era when the area was 10 meters under the Persian Gulf. According to Sharad Master (2002), "A wet impact would have generated huge tsunamis, which would have lashed all the port cities of Mesopotamia, such as Ur, Uruk, Shurrupak, etc." Estimates rate the impact equivalent to 1000 Hiroshima bombs. Periodic destruction continued through the Bronze Age.
Another modern discovery is a candidate for catastrophes.
THE HEAVENS RAIN DEATH FIRE
In the New York Times, Nov 14, 2006, scientist Dallas Abbott identified the site of a massive asteroid impact (Burckle Crater) off of the island of Madagascar that struck the earth around 2800 BC. Collating cross-culural myths, including eclipse descriptions, Thomas King has calculated the disaster occured on May 10, 2807 B.C.
This 3-mile wide asteroid landed in the seabed, and sent a 600-900 foot high wall of water - a megatsunami - around the Indian Ocean, impacting land as far away as Australia, and crashing onto the coast of Africa, up the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, and quite possibly into the Mediterranean Sea as well.
The radiant fireball would have created shock waves, scorched air, sonic blasts, violent mega-lightning and torrential rain. This asteroidal impact would have sent a huge surge of water into the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, flooding the ancient land of Sumeria, the source of the Biblical flood legend. Sir Leonard Wooley, the archaeologist who discovered the city of Ur, found 30 feet of flood-deposited sand that separated the most ancient levels of the city from newer habitation levels on top of the flood debris. Half the population or more died.
Abbott's findings of deep-sea meteor/asteroid strike craters indicate that large-scale cosmic strikes hit the earth much more frequently than scientists have previously suspeced - perhaps every 1 to 3 thousand years, instead of every hundred thousand or so. Large asteroid strikes also produce weather alterations, and many more global phenomena. Interestingly, the period 2800 BC is when the first dynasty of Egypt started.
Imagine you are an inhabitant of one of the first bustling but overcrowded cities on earth, a bountiful economy of agriculturalists and traders. Your priests bring the attention of all to a new star in the sky that seems to grow brighter and “hairier” in surprisingly short order. This evil eye in the sky is intuitively considered malevolent, upsetting the order of the heavens. It stirs something deep within racial memory which cannot quite be identified but is felt as primal awe and fear.
The comet wags its growing tail as it nears the sun and becomes ever more threatening as it nears earth, ever more foreboding as it increases in size and brightness, perhaps even rivaling sun and moon. Then one day that disturbing presence falls to earth and in an instant everything is profoundly changed – changed back to primeval chaos where survivors can’t tell sky from earth because terra firma has literally disappeared in an inundation of unbelievable scale immensely beyond their human memories of disasters.
But before the Flood actually arrives, a new sun seems to arise from the South Storm. Meteor showers of debris pepper the air even before the enormous fireball flares into instantaneous destruction. That fire is followed by the hot electrical breath of a sonic boom, which trails electromagnetic chaos in the wake of the massive impactor.
Plasma auroras ripple, writhe and coil like serpents throughout the darkened sky. Megalightning rends the sky and jolts the ground and ignites fires that crackle and roar incessantly. The earth groans, shifts and buckles. The flood wind blows as the south-storm strikes the land – and strikes it hard, like a relentless Dragon with wave upon wave of assaults for six days and nights that never seem to end. It sounds like a mighty battle of titanic scope, of the Gods themselves.
This is no cross-cultural myth, but a real, if legendary event that exceeds the most fertile imagination. Ancient superstitions are the result, not the cause of the epics that came down to us as the beginning of history since all else was virtually destroyed. The priesthood consolidated its hold on the people, gazing at the heavens incessantly lest another such cosmic sojourner threaten their existence. The fact is, then, as now – real life disasters were an immanent threat, from earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and climatic havoc.
The valley of Mesopotamia is dominated by two major rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and numerous smaller ones. It was a land in which catastrophic floods were not unusual in ancient times, and it is unsurprising that stories about a major flood arose within the mythology of this area. Such stories might simply reflect an understandable preoccupation with flooding in an area where flood disasters were an important reality. But, according to rediscovered tales, this storm came from the South – from the Indian Ocean -- not upriver to the North.
TALES WORTH WRITING: MASSIVE ABYSSAL IMPACT
The relationship of Dragon and Deluge is lost in the mist of time. The sole survivors of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Biblical versions of the tale report the abject terror that rained down on humanity, virtually obliterating it from the world -- at least their world. The oldest timelines of the event are likely the most accurate. Note, again, this is a South Storm, not the flooding of the northern Black Sea of an earlier era:
Tsunamis would have devastated Sumerian cities and possibly inspired the world’s oldest written story, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the root tale of Sumerian deluge (dated between 2750 and 2500 BCE). Its original cuneiform title was He Who Saw the Deep, referring to “Unknown Mysteries.” The king Gilgamesh is the first cultural icon obsessed with immortality. Utnapishtim, the hero of the Flood myth, tells his story to Gilgamesh.
'That stated time had arrived:
'He who orders unease at night, showers down a rain of blight.
'I watched the appearance of the weather.
The weather was awesome to behold.I boarded the ship and battened up the entrance.
With the first glow of dawn,
A black cloud rose up from the horizon.
Inside it Adad (the storm god) thunders,
While Shullat and Hanish (the heralds) go in front,
Moving as heralds over hill and plain.
Erragal (god of the underworld) tears out the posts (of the world dam);
Forth comes Ninurta and causes the dikes to follow.
The Anunnaki (gods of judgment) lift up the torches,
Setting the land ablaze with their glare.
Consternation over Adad reaches to the heavens,
Who turned to blackness all that had been light.
[That wide] land was shattered like [a pot]!
For one day the south-storm blew, [submerging the mountains],
Overtaking the [people] like a battle.
No one can see his fellow,
Nor can the people be recognized from heaven.
The gods were frightened by the deluge,
And, shrinking back, they ascended to the heaven of Anu (the father of
the other gods, who lived in the highest heaven).
The gods cowered like dogs
Crouched against the outer wall.
Ishtar (goddess of passion) cried out like a woman in travail,
The sweet-voiced mistress of the [gods] moans aloud:
'The olden days are alas turned to clay,
Six days and [six] nights
Blows the flood wind, as the south-storm sweeps the land.
When the seventh day arrived,
The flood(-carrying) south-storm subsided in the battle,
Which it had fought like an army.
The sea grew quiet, the tempest was still, the flood ceased.
I looked at the weather: stillness had set in,
And all of mankind had returned to clay.
The landscape was as level as a flat roof.
Seven days later, the waters began to subside:
I sat and wept,
Tears running down on my face.
I looked about for coast lines in the expanse of the sea:
In each of fourteen (regions)
There emerged a region(-mountain).
--EPIC OF GILGAMESH
Later, these chaotic events of earth, sky and sea, inspired the Babylonian creation story, the Enuma Elish. There are several versions based on older tales, but basically Tiamat was goddess of the ocean but also primordial chaos, the deeps or abyss existing before Earth formed. She predated Enki (meaning “archetype”) as god of the sea. Notably, she is described as having a tail, as comets do.
The Enuma Elish says Tiamat gave birth to dragons and serpents. Enki's symbol was two entwined serpents, the caduceus. Tiamat and Enki engaged in a complicated war of storms and destruction, perhaps depicting the break up of Tiamat. Enki’s son, Marduk (the Sun God) sliced Tiamat in half, “smashing her skull.” Could this describe a coronal mass ejection or even the gravitational drag of the sun cleaving the mother-comet?
Hebrew versions of the Creation and the Deluge emphasizeconnections between the Semitic Babylonians and themselves. They increased the rain to forty days, noting that "the fountains of the deep" and "the windows of heaven" opened, which echos the horrendous effects of a massive impact.
Local rain cannot account for the magnitude of catastrophe. Mega-tsunamis are orders of magnitude beyond local flood. Excavations at Ashur reveal a tablet describing a true dragon with legs, implying it crawls up onto land. A god announces the presence of the dragon, saying "In the sea he lies...." Then he describes its humongous size.
In the sea was the Serpent cre[ated].
Sixty /bêru/ is his length;
Thirty /bêru/ high is his he[ad].
For half (a /bêru/) each stretches the surface of his ey[es];
For twenty /bêru/ go [his feet].
He devours fish, the creatures [of the sea],
He devours birds, the creatures [of the heaven],
He devours wild asses, the creatures [of the field],
He devours men…
There are ample grounds, then, for assuming the independent existence of the Babylonian Dragon-myth, though there is no doubt that the myth itself existed among the Sumerians. The dragon motif recurs constantly in Sumerian sacred-decoration. The twin dragons of Ningishzida on Gudea's libation-vase, carved in green steatite and inlaid with shell, are a notable product of Sumerian art. The very names borne by Tiamat's brood of monsters in the "Seven Tablets" are stamped in most cases with their Sumerian descent.
It would be strange indeed if the Sumerians had not evolved a Dragon myth, for the Dragon combat is the most obvious of nature myths and is found in most mythologies of Europe and the Near East. The trailing storm-clouds suggest the serpent form, whose fiery tongue is seen in the forked lightning. Though the dragon may darken the world for a time, the Sun-god will always be victorious. In Egypt the myth of "the Overthrowing of Apep, the enemy of Ra" presents a close parallel to that of Tiamat.
Texts of Sethos II (1215-1210) tell that "Sekhmet was a circling star which spreaed out his fire in flames, a fire-flame in his storm." From Ugarit we hear, "The star Anat has fallen from the heavens; he slew the peopleof the Syrian land and confused the two twilights and the seats of the constellations." The Zoroastrians claimed it unleashed first terrible fire and then a flood called Tistrya. Widespread peoples described it burning and flooding. The old Sumerian tale is thus not the only lengend of comet-fall but is perhaps the oldest.
http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/tilmari/tilmari2.htm
Two separate cataclysms So it seems that there were two separate cataclysms in the latter part of the third millennium BC.
The period of Sargon, from 2334 BC to 2279 BC, was very prosperous. Under the reign of Naram-Sin from 2254 BC to 2218 BC everything still seemed "normal". Akkadian Sumer was a welfare state in its own way during those times. If the Anatolian event of 2345 BC was a local one, it neatly explains Sargon's attack on the south of Anatolia, because of the havoc in north, and also the prosperity that followed when the highly civilized Akkadian culture moved south. In fact before 2345 BC there was not any big difference between Northern and Southern Mesopotamia. But when the North was in Chaos, this meant both welfare and difficulties for the South. The population increased suddenly, which stressed the food supply seems to have driven hungry people still farther to the south, towards Egypt. Still Sumer prospered. But 150 years later all this came to an abrupt end. The reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri was interrupted suddenly into a chaos in 2193 BC .
How about Egypt? The end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt is surrounded by many uncertainties. Modern Egyptologists originally thought that its last king was Pepi II, whose reign began about 2250 BC. Later his reign was counted as having lasted 90 years. Still later they added two more kings, Intiemsaef II and Neithkeret. If we accept the original estimate that Pepi II was the last Old Kingdom king, and if we take as a tentative theory that the catastrophe also happened in Egypt in 2193 BC, it still gives Pepi a reign of some 60 years.
So there seems to be a difference between the 2350 BC and 2200 BC events. I suggest that the 2350 BC event was local, an Anatolian event, from the Aegean to the Caspian. The 2200 BC event was global, as seen by the evidence from Iberia to China. The Rio Cuarto impact in Argentina seems also to have happened during the latter part of the third millennium BC. Unable to destroy Tell Leilan and leave surroundings untouched, I would link it rather to the 2200 BC event. With its 50 km long and 10 km wide destruction path consisting of 11 craters (the largest one is 4.5 km long and 1.1 km wide) it must have had global consequences. Because of its different direction (nearly north to south) and different latitude of impact at 20 degrees S would however hint that it was a third and separate event during the series of catastrophes during the late third millennium BC. Be it connected to either of the mentioned cataclysms or a separate one in the late third millennium, one thing is sure: it must have had wordwide consequences, especially climatological. A flood event it was not, because it happened right in the middle of South America. But it itself was a multiple event and can have been accompanied by some debris that fall into Atl
In fact Greek mythology speaks of three flood events, of which the Ogyges and Deucalion legends are the most famous. Ogyges would then be the Anatolian event of 2345 BC and Deucalion event the global event of 2193-2194 BC. The third would be that of Atrahasis and Gilgames (the precursor for the Noachian flood) but because it happened in the first part of the unlucky third millennium BC, it is not considered here.
But let's go back to the 2200 BC event. In China a ruler named Yu, who has been praised of attempts to stop floods in China, reigned according to the standard chronology from 2205 BC to 2197 BC. The legend tells that at the time of the birth of Abra(ha)m there was a guest star (supernova). Bamboo Annals give one in 2287 BC. Again according to legend Abraham was of age 99, when Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed. If we take this literally we get the year 2188 BC, but of course the 99 years could also mean "nearly 100".
Marie-Agnes Court (The Soil Record of an Exceptional Event at 4000 BP in the Middle East (Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilisations, ed. Benny Peiser et al., Oxford 1998)), whose excavations at Tell Leilan in Northern Syria has led to two layers of burnt soil, whose calibrations (from radiocarbon age) yield ages of 4400-3900 BC and 4800-4300 BC, open also the above two windows. Benny Peiser ("Comparative Analysis of Late Holocene Upheaval") says that "Floodplain deposits of up to 3 metres thick and stretching up to 15 kilometres inland have been detected between Tirys and Mycenae" dated to ca. 2200-2300 BC.
Now there is a very interesting coincidence. There exists one very old Frisian manuscript named the Oera Linda book. It was found in 1820, but the scientific community condemned it as a forgery in 1871. We can ask if that was too hasty a conclusion. One of the reasons the issue should be reconsidered is that the book is some kind of a diary from the third millennium BC to about 500 BC. Right in the beginning is mentioned "The destruction of Atland" in 2194 BC. It describes the paradise before that, the year 2194 "when the bad days came", the escape of Atlanders first to Crete, where they founded their culture, the Minoan culture.
Sodom and Gomorrah There have been excavations on the Lisan peninsula, which nearly cuts the southern part of the Dead Sea off from the rest of it. It is also different from the main Dead Sea in that it's mean depth is very different from the rest of the Dead Sea, only 10 m in average. It seems that there was a great catastrophe around 2200 BC that has destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah. The surface of the Dead Sea dropped suddenly by 100m around 2200 BC (Frumkin et al., The Holocene 1.3, 1991). If we take the story in Genesis for what it seems to indicate, the whole southern part of the Dead Sea may be an impact crater that was caused by a cosmic disaster, one piece in the 2200 BC disaster.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after fragmentation by Jupiter's gravity
Fireballs on Jupiter after impacts of fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Recurring Phenomenon: The Cosmic Disaster Besides the most evident cosmic catastrophes ca. 2200 BC and 2345 BC there are other events during the Holocene that are so widely global and difficult to explain by only the Earth's own mechanisms that a cosmic explanation must evidently be taken into account.
The first so-called "Dark Age", meaning a period from which little is known despite much information before and after that period, occurred about 3100 BC to 3000 BC. For example in Mesopotamia this period is called Jemdet Nasr. About 3100 BC there was suddenly a change to more primitive ages compared to the preceding Uruk period. For example the numerical token system dwindled. 3000 BC however there was a sudden recovery. This is called the Early Dynasty, which can be described as the first known culture, that began to have some kind of a centralized system. And the tokens were not only numerated again, the basis for writing was born.
What happened 3100 BC, maybe right in 3114 BC? That's the year 0 in Mayan calendar. There is many stories around the world of great floods. There are two small craters from about this time, but what seems more probable, is a huge meteorite swarm that both caused much damage on land, brought up tsunamis and blanketed with dust the atmosphere. It may have been a break-up of a great comet in the inner parts of the solar system. People were panic-stricken. The beginnings of civilizations, however, got despite of the immediate damage, a first great rise, after about a hundred years had gone. There was a great boomtime. that eventually led to the rise of the first great civilizations in the beginning of the third millennium BC.
The prime example is the unification of southern and northern Egypt. The great mystery is how did the fusion happen? There is not any clear indication of one part conquering the other. It seems like the northern culture won over the southern, but that the new kings came from the south. The artifacts hint to that the first King of the unified Egypt was called Menes and that the unification took place between 3150 and 3110 BC. 3100 BC has been traditionally held as the watermark between the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period in Egypt. It took still 400 years before it was transformed in the so called Old Kingdom in about 2700 BC. These timestamps have oddly enough a great resemblance besides the Mayan year 0. The Mesopotamians had the great variations in their pre-writings that finally led to the first marks that really can be called as writing. Also the wheel was introduced. The great city-states Ur and Uruk were built, and around 2600 BC they had began to be part of a larger political union. Gilgamesh, the great flood-king, lived during this period. Pre-Minoan culture was risen in Crete. Neolithic settlements, Stonehenge, Newgrange, Skara Brae in the Scottish Orkney island were built. The coastal menhirs (great stones) began to be built in Brittany.
Dick Meehan adds to this list flood marks in paleoclimatic data, methane peak in Greenland ice and cold time according to bristlecone pines in Britain.
Although anyone of these in itself would not be of any great concern, the timing of them in a frame of only 100 years, is the thing that makes us suspect that something unusual was going on. And actually beginning, the next 1000 years or so were very restless time globally.
Aftermath of this may be the 2807 BC ocean impact described by Bruce Masse in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998). If this is the great Flood Comet, as Masse seems to indicate, this explains why the Sumerian story of Flood, on which basis the Genesis Noachian Flood story is built, is combined with the story of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh reigned in the 27th century, 300-450 years before the two great cataclysms in late third millennium BC. Or was the comet or comets swarming and breaking up the whole period of 3114 BC to 2807 BC with diminishing frequency and damage ending temporarily in a great splash in the Atlantic?
The second Dark Age lasted from 2200 BC to 1900 BC. A third Dark Age seems to have followed the "tree ring event" (where the tree rings were very narrow) of 1159 BC (Baillie, A Slice through time). The Mycenean culture may be one of its victims.
Also, the end of Younger Dryas and with it the latest ice age 9700 BC seems to me too sudden and too dramatic a change to happen in an instant, as the Greenland ice cores seem to show, if we seek only terrestrial explanations. What the sudden change indicates is a mystery, but a rise by 15 degrees C in at most some decades, a rise that has remained permanent within some degrees during the last 11,700 years, indicates a catastrophe literally of cosmic dimensions.
The fourth Dark Age is Anno Domini. The beginning year is 536. That year there was reduced growth of trees in America. In China stars were not seen and a famine began. In Ireland there was "a failure of bread" for many years. Dry fog hovered globally. Mediterranean famine began 537 when the storages for food had been eated empty. The famine lasted at least two years. Socalled Justinian plague began 542. At this time the splendid but badly known culture of Moche in Peru came to a sudden end. May this 536 event also have given the Roman empire its last fatal blow? The Justinian's desperate offensive to restore the Roman empire which he launched 533 was doomed already in 537 when the Franks seized Provence.
Nile froze in 829 AD. Mayan from all lowlands disappeared in the first part of the ninth century. Vikings had easy access to almost uninhabited Western Europe islands and coast in ninth century? Were there again cosmic forces at work? Was there a tsunami in North Atlantic?
So have cosmic forces let down Sumer, the most brilliant phase of Egypt, Indus with Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan, Babylon, Shang dynasty in China, Moche culture in Peru and I dare to ask, did they put a final end to the disintegration of Roman empire that had been going on already for 200 years? Not to speak of the Flyland (Escape Country) or Altland (Oldland) or Atland in 2194 BC when the survivors escaped to Crete and established there the Minoan culture.
The Mayan Calendar
Remains of Palenque Illustration from the Ministry of Tourism of Mexico Homepage The Mayans/Olmecs put their 0.0.0.0.0 date at Gregorian time 3114 BC. Stonehenge I (the original astronomical one) was built near 3100 BC, as was Newgrange. The civilization of Sumer had a downfall around 3100-3000 BC, but both Sumer and Egypt then blossomed into an unprecedented and subsequently never exceeded level. Was this the paradise period in Sumer? At least the period from 3000 BC to 2350 BC seems to have been much wetter in Mesopotamia, and the Nile more generous, than the extremely dry period beginning in 2200 BC.
Stonehenge Illustration from English Heritage Stonehenge Homepage Stonehenge Around 3100 BC
Selections from "Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets" by Duncan Steel, 1995 Available from John Wiley & Sons "Stonehenge I was built as some sort of astronomical observatory that did not include lunar observations ... and it was only later that the people - of a quite different culture - realized that it was a peculiarity of the location that the sight lines form a rectangle ... pointed toward certain celestial phenomena, such as the maximum and minimum azimuths of the Moon as it rises and sets. ... As Hoyle suggests, Stonehenge II and III are characterized by ritual/numinous utility rather than novel astronomical observing; what could have better convinced the people that this was a sacrosanct site than the special properties that were revealed as they watched the Sun and the Moon from there ..."
Remains of Stonehenge Today Illustration from Her Majesty's Stonehenge Homepage "Although we know that 5,000 years ago the Sun, the Moon, and the planets were behaving as they do now, we cannot be sure that there were not some additional celestial features that are no longer seen. Quite apart from Stonehenge, many other megalithic sites seem to have been constructed, starting around 3000 BC, by cultures spread across the globe, having no communication with each other, but watching a common sky. ... For example, a Neolithic passage grave at Newgrange in Ireland has a gap in its roof through which the Sun illuminates its main chamber at sunrise on Midwinter Day, or at least it did so 5,000 years ago. ... Why were the ancients suddenly so interested in the sky? Obviously, the special events happening in the sky must have been short-lived phenomena (because the megalith- building phase seems to have sprung up and then receded). ... The precession of meteoroid streams leads to periods of activity only a few centuries long. This gives us a clue."
EDDA
An Eyewitness Account of Gotterdammerung (Sorensen: Ragnarok) "Everything is shaking ang quaking and discounts from heaven. The wolf is so big, that it can snap from earth to heaven, enabling it to swallow the Sun.
The snake is so big, that it fills the sea, runs into the beach and throws fire and poison so that the earth begins to catch fire.
The tremblings shake loose the ash of the Aasa-land ja burn it and its burning branches spread all over the world and even the stars in the heaven move their place.
Heimdal blows into his horn, more loudly than a thunderstorm, the soldiers of Valhalla are crowding on the lowland of Ida, but giant birds and dragons spitting fire fill the air and fall on the lowland and fall on the soldiers crashing them.
Down in the Middle Land people run out of their homes like ants from disturbed stacks, and the mighty army pushes itself beneath them, to the rainbow bridge, which breaks down, the wolf jumps to the Aasa Land, the snake climbs upon its tail, binds itself into the Odin's Lidskjalv and draws thus itself up.
The higher gods are very small, they stay like black shadows against the burning sky. Odin throws his spear towards the wolf which swallows the spear and also Odin.
Tyr lifts his hand against the wolf, but it is the left hand, the right one is already gone, and now he loses also his left one. Frei has lost his sword, that can swing by itself, and he flings in vain to the tower-high giants.
Tor slings his hammer towards the wolf and smashes its head, its poison bursts out and Tor stumbles and falls.
The ash has burned into smoke, the Aaasa Land has burned into smoke, the sea swells over the Middle Land, the giant birds fly with their wings in fire, and the vanish as sparks in the smoke."
How would you have described a cometary super-Tunguska some thousan years ago? With some gifts of a poet. I think very much like this.
A Possible Source for the 3100 BC Event Continuing with selections from "Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets" by Duncan Steel
"The outrageous suggestion that I am going to make is that the Taurid Complex was producing phenomenal meteor storms between 4,500 and 5,000 years ago, accompanied by multiple Tunguska-class atmospheric detonations, and that Stonehenge I was designed to allow the (awestruck, terrified) culture of southern England to make observations of the Phenomena and to perhaps predict their recurrence. Peter Lancaster Brown, in his book on megalithic sites, wrote that "Eclipses, comets and meteorites were astronomical phenomena widely observed by the ancients. But probably only eclipses were predictable." (Steel means to imply that Stonehenge I was needed to make observations because meteorite falls are far more unpredictable, but and at the same time may be long-lasting and recurring. - TN.)
Steel continues this theme in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998) by commenting that he sees no connection between the original Stonehenge I (built in 3100 BC) and the thousand year later Stonehenge II and Stonehenge III except the place. The original one was a scientific observatory, not for Sun, or Moon, or eclipses, but for watching dangerous meteorites, asteroids and comets. The later Stonehenges with their stones (the image of Stonehenge that we have of it today), was more that of a ritual and sanctuary than for any practical/scientific purpose. Of course it could be used for some trivial astronomical calculations (solstices, eclipses), but its original purpose was hardly known for the later builders. The world's first scientific astronomical observatory changed to a ritual place, because it was not anymore needed for its original purpose when the Taurids did not at that moment bother mankind, in fact the Taurids lived only in legends. Today the legends are coming part of a serious scientific study. What a change in paradigm!
Rogue Asteroids: "Comet Encke is associated with the Taurid Complex. If we follow the orbit of P/Encke backward, we find that it intersected that of the Earth around 1,800 and 5,000 years ago (ascending) and 2,100 and 4,700 years ago (descending)."
The Taurid complex is a comet/meteor swarm complex, whose main body is the periodic comet Encke with an unknown number of meteoroid swarms plus possibly some small body pieces. When the Taurid complex intersected Earth 5000 years ago, maybe around 3100 BC, it may have caused a 100 year long period of tunguskans and mini-tunguskans.
Clube and Napier have already in their legendary "The Cosmic Winter" (Oxford (UK), Cambridge (US), 1990) told the Taurid story:
"It seems clear that we are looking at debris from the breakup of an extremely large object. The disintegration, or sequence of disintegrations, must have taken place within the past twenty or thirty thousand years as otherwise the asteroids would have spread around the inner planetary system and be no longer recognizable as a stream.
"The second discovery, due mainly to the Czechoslovakian astronomer Stohl, is that enveloping the Taurids, Comet Encke and these particular asteroids is a broad tube of meteoric debris. ... The Stohl stream is apparently double due probably to an exceptional fragmentation... The mass of the meteoric material within the Stohl stream is 10 or 20 billion tonnes. ... Adding in the mass of gas and very fine dust ... we find that the original body must have been about 100 kilometres across. ... Backtracking the orbits of Encke and Oljato, we find that 9500 years ago their orbits were nearly identical. It is possible there was a major disintegration of the prime body then, with much debris created of which Comet Encke and Oljato are the largest known bodies ... Oljato itself is in an orbit which brought it virtually into the Earth's orbital plane for some centuries around 3000-3500 BC."
Was it Oljato's tail that swarmed Earth around 3100 BC? Did it have a partner or is Swift-Tuttle a part of a parent body of both or did the parent body disintgrate into three parts: Oljate, Swift-Tuttle and a third part that rained on Earth 13 August 3114 BC, the Mayan day zero?
Darwin was not wrong while saying that evolution is the survival of the fittest, but today we must add that evolution is the survival of the fittest of the luckiest.
(c) 2013, Iona Miller, All Rights Reserved, Sangreality Trust; GenIsis Genealogy
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